In the Path of Conquest: Resistance to Alexander the Great

356 Pages·2020·6.116 MB·English

by  Waldemar Heckel

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In the Path of Conquest
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In the Path of
Conquest
Resistance to Alexander the Great
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WALDEMAR HECKEL
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Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data
Names: Heckel, Waldemar, 1949– author.
Title: In the path of Conquest : resistance to Alexander the Great / Waldemar Heckel.
Identifiers: LCCN 2019033836 (print) | LCCN 2019033837 (ebook) |
ISBN 9780190076689 (hardback) | ISBN 9780190076702 (epub) |
ISBN 9780190076696 (updf) | ISBN 9780197501146 (online)
Subjects: LCSH: Alexander, the Great, 356 B.C.–323 B.C. |
Greece—History—Macedonian Expansion, 359–323 B.C. |
Generals—Greece—Biography. | Greece—Kings and rulers—Biography. |
Greece—History—Macedonian Expansion, 359–323 B.C.—Sources.
Classification: LCC DF234.2 .H375 2020 (print) |
LCC DF234.2 (ebook) | DDC 938/.07092 [B]—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019033836
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019033837
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Printed by Sheridan Books, Inc., United States of America
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This book is dedicated to my grandson,
Alexander James DeWolfe
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Preface
In order to reach a wider audience and make this book more lively, I have
included numerous passages from the ancient sources, believing their words more
effective than any paraphrase. The majority of the passages quoted have been
translated by my friend John Yardley; there are a few exceptions, which are ac-
knowledged in the footnotes. Therefore, my first and greatest debt is to him. I am
also grateful to the usual group of Alexander scholars to whom I have regularly
turned for guidance and instruction. Stefan Vranka of Oxford University Press
has given support and encouragement throughout the process. I am particularly
indebted to Fred Naiden, who read and criticized a preliminary version, and to
my sister, Anneli Purchase, who corrected numerous mistakes in my writing and
forced me to simplify the most convoluted arguments. Special thanks go out also
to Sheila Ager, Ed Anson, Liz Baynham, Pierre Briant, Beth Carney, Monica
D’Agostini, Konrad Kinzl, Franca Landucci Gattinoni, and Yossi Roisman and
to my former students Erin Garvin, Carolyn Willekes, and Graham Wrightson.
Most of all, I acknowledge the continuing friendship and support of Tim Howe
and Sabine Müller (both of whom generously sent me published material that
I found difficult to obtain), as well as Larry Tritle, John Vanderspoel, and Pat
Wheatley. Of course, I thank my family, and it is to the youngest (for now) of
them that I dedicate this book.
Calgary, October 15, 2018
xi
List of Maps
1.1 M ap of Alexander’s empire. As in Ian Worthington,
Ptolemy I: King and Pharaoh of Egypt (New York, 2016), xv 7
2.1 M ap of Greece and Macedonia. As in Ian Worthington,
Ptolemy I: King and Pharaoh of Egypt (New York, 2016), xvi 24
3.1 M ap of Asia Minor. As in Fred Naiden, Soldier, Priest, and God:
A Life of Alexander (New York, 2018), 47 46
8.1 M ap of the Levantine coast. As in Fred Naiden, Soldier, Priest,
and God: A Life of Alexander (New York, 2018), 48 99
9.1 M ap of Alexander’s Expedition through Persia and Central Asia.
As in Fred Naiden, Soldier, Priest, and God: A Life of Alexander
(New York, 2018), 136 139
11.1 Map of Central Asia and route to Indus. As in Fred Naiden,
Soldier, Priest, and God: A Life of Alexander (New York, 2018), 159 180
14.1 Map of the Battle of the Hydaspes River. As in Ian Worthington,
By the Spear (New York, 2014), 245 241
15.1 Map of Alexander’s march from India to Babylon, 325– 323.
As in Fred Naiden, Soldier, Priest, and God: A Life of Alexander
(New York, 2018), 205) 266
xiii
Abbreviations
Atkinson I– II J. E. Atkinson, A Commentary on Q. Curtius Rufus’
Historiae Alexandri (Amsterdam, 1980, 1994).
Barr. Atlas Richard A. Talbert, ed., Barrington Atlas of the Greek
and Roman World (Princeton, 2000).
Beloch I2–I V2 K. J. Beloch, Griechische Geschichte, 2nd ed., 4 vols.
(Strasbourg, 1912–1 927).
Berve I– II H. Berve, Das Alexanderreich auf prosopographischer
Grundlage, 2 vols. (Munich, 1926).
BHLT A. K. Grayson, Babylonian Historical- Literary Texts
(Toronto, 1975).
BNJ Brill’s New Jacoby. Online.
Bosworth I– II A. B. Bosworth, A Historical Commentary on Arrian’s
History of Alexander (Oxford, 1980, 1995).
Briant, HPE P.Briant, A History of the Persian Empire from Cyrus
to Alexander, translated by Peter Daniels (Winona
Lake, 2002).
Brunt I- II P. A. Brunt, Arrian. 2 vols. Loeb Classical Library
(Cambridge, MA, 1976, 1983).
CAH2 Cambridge Ancient History, 2nd ed.
Carney, King and Court E. D. Carney. King and Court in Ancient Macedonia:
Rivalry, Treason and Conspiracy (Swansea, 2015).
Davies, APF J. K. Davies, Athenian Propertied Families, 600– 300
B.C. (Oxford, 1971).
Develin, AO R. Develin, Athenian Officials, 681– 321 BC
(Cambridge, 1989).
FGrH Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker.
Geiger, Feldzüge W. Geiger, Alexanders Feldzüge in Sogdiana
(Neustadt, 1884).
Hamilton, PA J. R. Hamilton, Plutarch, Alexander: A Commentary
(Oxford, 1969).
xvi
xiv Abbreviations
Hammond, MS N. G. L. Hammond, The Macedonian State. The
Origins, Institutions and History (Oxford 1989).
Head, HN2 B.V. Head, Historia Numorum. 2nd ed. (London
1911).
Heckel W. Heckel, Who’s Who in the Age of Alexander the
Great: Prosopography of Alexander’s Empire (Oxford
and Malden, 2006).
Heckel, Marshals2 W. Heckel, Alexander’s Marshals: A Study of the
Makedonian Aristocracy and the Politics of Military
Leadership, 2nd ed. (London and New York, 2016).
HMac I N. G. L. Hammond, A History of Macedonia, Vol. 1
(Oxford, 1972).
HMac II N. G. L. Hammond and G. T. Griffith, A History of
Macedonia, Vol. 2 (Oxford, 1979).
HMac III N. G. L. Hammond and F. W. Walbank, A History of
Macedonia, Vol. 3 (Oxford, 1988).
Hofstetter J. Hofstetter, Die Griechen in Persien: Prosopographie
der Griechen im persischen Reich vor Alexander
Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran,
Ergänzungsband 5 (Berlin, 1978).
Hoffmann O. Hoffmann, Die Makedonen: ihre Sprache und ihr
Volkstum (Göttingen, 1906).
How and Wells W. W.  How and J.  Wells, A Commentary on
Herodotus. 2 vols. (Oxford, 1912).
IG Inscriptiones Graecae.
Justi F. Justi, Iranisches Namenbuch (Marburg, 1895).
Kaerst, Hellenismus Julius Kaerst, Geschichte des Hellenismus, 2  vols.
(Berlin and Leipzig, 1926).
Kirchner, PA J. Kirchner, Prosopographia Attica, 2 vols. (Berlin,
1901–1 903).
Kuhrt, Corpus A. Kuhrt, The Persian Empire: A Corpus of Sources
from the Achaemenid Period (London and New York,
2007).
LPGN A Lexicon of Greek Personal Names (Oxford).
Niese B. Niese, Geschichte der griechischen und
makedonischen Staaten seit der Schlacht bei Chaeronea
(1893– 1903; reprint Darmstadt, 1963).
OCD4 Oxford Classical Dictionary, 4th ed. (Oxford, 2003).
Poralla P. Poralla, Prosopographie der Lakedaimonier bis auf
die Zeit Alexanders des Großen (Breslau, 1913).
Rhodes and Osborne P. J. Rhodes and Robin Osborne, Greek Historical
Inscriptions 404– 323 BC (Oxford, 2003).
xv
Abbreviations xv
Rolfe I- II J. C. Rolfe, Quintus Curtius. Loeb Classical Library,
2 vols. (Cambridge, MA, 1971, 1976).
Schwarz, Feldzüge F. v. Schwarz, Alexanders des Grossen Feldzüge in
Turkestan (Munich, 1893).
Tarn I– II W. W. Tarn, Alexander the Great, 2 vols. (Cambridge,
1948).
Tod I– II M. N.  Tod, Greek Historical Inscriptions, 2  vols.
(Oxford, 1946, 1948).
Welles, Diodorus C. Bradford Welles, Diodorus of Sicily, Vol. 8, Loeb
Classical Library (Cambridge, MA, 1963).
Westlake, Thessaly H.D. Westlake, Thessaly in the Fourth Century B.C.
(London, 1935).
Yardley and Heckel J. C. Yardley and W. Heckel, Justin: Epitome of the
Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus, Vol. 1, Books
11–1 2, Alexander the Great (Oxford, 1997).
Yardley, Wheatley, and J. C. Yardley, Pat Wheatley, and W. Heckel, Justin:
Heckel Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus,
Vol. 2, Books 13– 15, The Successors to Alexander the
Great (Oxford, 2011).