In The Name Of Security: Secrecy, Surveillance And Journalism

269 Pages·2018·1.898 MB·English

by  Johan Lidberg, Denis Muller

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In the Name of Security – Secrecy,

Surveillance and Journalism
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In the Name of Security –

Secrecy, Surveillance and
Journalism
Edited by
Johan Lidberg and Denis Muller
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Anthem Press
An imprint of Wimbledon Publishing Company
www.anthempress.com
This edition first published in UK and USA 2018
by ANTHEM PRESS
75– 76 Blackfriars Road, London SE1 8HA, UK
or PO Box 9779, London SW19 7ZG, UK
and
244 Madison Ave #116, New York, NY 10016, USA
© 2018 Johan Lidberg and Denis Muller editorial matter and selection;
individual chapters © individual contributors
The moral right of the authors has been asserted.
All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above,
no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or introduced into
a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means
(electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise),
without the prior written permission of both the copyright
owner and the above publisher of this book.
British Library Cataloguing- in- Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN- 13: 978- 1- 78308- 769- 3 (Hbk)
ISBN- 10: 1- 78308- 769- 2 (Hbk)
This title is also available as an e- book.
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CONTENTS

List of Tables ix
Introduction 1
Johan Lidberg and Denis Muller
The Role of Journalism in Liberal Democracies 4
Approach and Methodology 5
The Five Eyes 5
Further Points of Comparison 8
The Tshwane Principles 8
Axis of Deceit 9
Overview of the Book 10
References 12
Chapter 1. The Public Privacy Conundrum – Anonymity
and the Law in an Era of Mass Surveillance 15
Moira Paterson
Introduction 15
The Technological Threats 16
The Limitations of Laws That Regulate Surveillance 18
Australia 19
Canada 21
New Zealand 23
United Kingdom 24
United States 26
The Practical Implications for Journalists 28
Conclusion 29
References 30
Chapter 2. Undesirable Types – The Surveillance of Journalists 33
Fay Anderson
Introduction 33
The ‘Nuisance’ 35
‘A Man to be Checked’ 37
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The Cold War and ‘Communist Stuff’ 38
The File as Biography 44
Conclusion 46
References 47
Chapter 3. Surveillance and National Security ‘Hyper-
Legislation’ – Calibrating Restraints on Rights
with a Freedom of Expression Threshold 51
Mark Pearson and Joseph M. Fernandez
Introduction 51
Background: The National Security Hyper-
Legislative Threat to Free Expression 53
Free Expression in International Human Rights
Instruments and Five Eyes Constitutions 56
Case Study: The Australian Situation 61
Case Study: National Security ‘Hyper- Legislation’
in Australia 64
Special Recognition for Journalists and Media
through Shield Laws 67
Surveillance and Journalists’ Sources – International
and Australian Research 69
Conclusion 70
References 73
Chapter 4. The Ethics of Reporting National Security Matters 77
Denis Muller and Bill Birnbauer
Introduction 77
A Definitional Challenge 77
Case Study: The Australian and Counterterrorism 88
Conclusion 93
References 97
Chapter 5. When One Person’s Noble Whistleblower
Becomes Another’s Poisonous Leaker 101
Matthew Ricketson
Introduction 101
Journalist– Source Relationships 102
Case Studies 106
Discussion 115
Conclusion 116
References 117
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CONTENTS vii
Chapter 6. Who Watches the Watchmen? Access to
Information, Accountability and Government Secrecy 121
Johan Lidberg
Introduction 121
The Evolution of Freedom of Information 122
Case Studies 128
Discussion 134
Conclusion 136
References 137
Chapter 7. Eyes and Ears in the Sky – Drones and Mass Surveillance 139
Trevor McCrisken
Introduction 139
Drones, Drones Everywhere 140
Reporting Drones 143
Conclusion: Drone Journalism and the Future
Normalisation of the Eyes in the Sky? 152
References 154
Chapter 8. Looking over My Shoulder – Public Perceptions
of Surveillance 159
Denis Muller, Johan Lidberg and Mikayla Alexis Budinski
Introduction 159
Background 159
And Then There Was 9/ 11 161
Conclusion 169
References 171
Chapter 9. Journalism and National Security in Three BISA
Countries – Brazil, India and South Africa 173
Alam Srinivas, Débora Medeiros and Tinus De Jager
Introduction 173
Brazil 174
India 180
South Africa 185
Conclusion Concerning the BISA Countries 189
Acknowledgements 192
References 192
Chapter 10. Journalism and National Security in the
European Union 195
Johan Lidberg and Denis Muller
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Introduction 195
Information Access in the EU 197
Case Studies 200
Discussion 203
Conclusion 207
References 207
Chapter 11. The Security Reporter Today – Journalists and
Journalism in an Age of Surveillance 209
Stephanie Brookes
Introduction 209
Security Reporters and the Interpretive Community
of Australian Journalism 210
Discursive Strategies and the Construction of Journalism 212
Taking Australia into a Reign of Terror: Journalism,
Democracy and National Security 213
Journalists and Journalism in the Five Eyes Network 219
Conclusion: Freedom, Risk and Security – The
Security Reporter Today 223
References 225
Conclusion: Journalism and the State of Exception 231
Johan Lidberg and Denis Muller
Five Eyes Compared 234
The Tshwane Principles – The Way Ahead 234
The Open Government Partnership 237
The Rise and Rule of President Donald Trump 238
Never- Ending State of Exception? 241
References 242
Contributors 245
Index 249
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TABLES

0.1 The main security and intelligence agencies
in the Five Eyes group 6
6.1 FOI laws compared access to intelligence and
security agencies 126
10.1 Total annual number of FOI requests, federal Act 203
10.2 The Five Eyes countries and the EU, Denmark and Germany 204