in the name of allah, the most beneficent and the most merciful.

322 Pages·2011·1.03 MB·English

IN THE NAME OF ALLAH, THE MOST BENEFICENT
AND THE MOST MERCIFUL.
COST-EFFECTIVENESS COMPARISON OF DISTANCE
EDUCATION IN INDONESIA, BANGLADESH AND
PAKISTAN

SEEMA NAHEED

L 891306

DEPARTMENT OF DISTANCE, NON-FORMANL AND
CONTINUING EDUCATION
FACULTY OF EDUCATION
ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY
H 8, ISLAMABAD, PAKISTAN

AUGUST 2009
DEDICATED
TO
MY

PARENTS: My mother Jamila Zarin (late). I learnt with her to devote myself to high
aims and consistently struggle for success. I pay homage to my father Mr. Sadrul
Hasan Farooqi who is always courteous and helpful for me and encourages to hard
work.
FAMILY: My brothers Mr. Salman Ahmad Farooqi, Mr. Noman Ahmad and Mr.
Rizwan Ahmad, Mrs. Shahnila Noman, Manahil Ahmad, Haris Ahmad and Hamza
Ahmad for affection, encouragement and inspiration.

iii
FORWARDING SHEET

The thesis entitled COST-EFFECTIVENESS COMPARISON OF
DISTANCE EDUCATION IN INDONESIA BANGLADESH AND PAKISTAN is
accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of
Education -Department of Distance, Non Formal and Continuing Education- Allama
Iqbal Open University, Islamabad.

----------------------------
Advisor
Dr. Muhammad Ibrahim Khalid
.

iv
APPROVAL SHEET

The thesis entitled “COST-EFFECTIVENESS COMPARISON OF
DISTANCE EDUCATION IN INDONESIA, BANGLADESH AND PAKISTAN” is
accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of
Education at Department of Distance, Non Formal and Continuing Education, Allama
Iqbal Open University, Islamabad.

(Dr. Muhammad Ibrahim Khalid)
Advisor

___________________________
Chairman, Department of Distance,
Non-Formal and Continuing Education,
Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad.

___________________________
Member

___________________________
Member

___________________________
Dean, Faculty of Education,
Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad.
Date______________________

v
Except where otherwise acknowledged in the text, this thesis represents the
original research of the author. The material contained herein has not been submitted,
either in whole or in print, for a degree at this or any other university.

(Ms. Seema Naheed)

vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
In the name of ALLAH the most gracious most merciful and MUHAMMAD
(Peace be upon Him). I acknowledge the good will and support of Dr. Rehana
Masroor during evaluation process and final steps of this thesis. I pay regards to Dr.
Muhammad Ibrahim Khalid, advisor of this thesis whose support, guidance and
positive attitude is a great factor in completion of this lengthy work. I am greatly
thankful for Dr. Muhammad Javed Iqbal Chairman, Department of Distance, Non-
Formal and Continuing Education for his contribution and guidance. I am thankful for
Dr. Muhammad Rashid who bestowed the will and courage to initiate the doctoral
dissertation. Dr. Muhammad Zafar Iqbal contributed during data collection. Dr. Mahr
Muhammad Saeed Akhtar Chairman Islamic Education Department was pleased and
kind during time-to-time guidance. Words of thanks are paid for Dr. Muhammad
Rizwan Akram Rana Associate Professor, Science Education Department, IER who
contributed during data analysis. Thanks are due to Mr. Muhammad Oubaid Ullah,
Assistant Professor, Research and Evaluation Department IER Lahore for technical
guidance during the formation of Chapter 111. I acknowledge the contribution of Ms.
Masooda Chaudhry and all staff members at Research and Evaluation Centre Allama
Iqbal Open University Islamabad for co-operation and assistance in data collection.
Gratitude goes to Dr. Greville Rumble for in-depth scholarly guidance. In the end I
submit my regards to Mr. Syed Ameer Hussain Naqvi, Senior Specialist Education the
World Bank Islamabad for vigor guidance, meditative co-operation, and continuous
push to complete the research work.

vii
ABSTRACT

Title: COST-EFFECTIVENESS COMPARISON OF
DISTANCE EDUCATION IN INDONESIA,
BANGLADESH AND PAKISTAN
Pages: 283
Researcher: Seema Naheed
Advisor: Dr. Muhammad Ibrahim Khalid
University: Allama Iqbal Open University
Year: 2009
Subject area: Distance, Non-Formal and Continuing Education
Degree: Doctor of Philosophy
The significant objectives of this study were; to examine and calculate the
total and average costs of each selected item, to calculate student’s opportunity costs,
to analyse student’s satisfaction with programme, to analyse the cost effective
measures taken by academicians for each of three programmes and to assess eleven
years admissions and completion and to analyse main objectives of programmes.
It was descriptive study based on analysis and comparison of B.Ed
programme at Bangladesh Open University (BOU), B.Ed at Allama Iqbal Open
University (AIOU) Pakistan, and degree level/SI teacher training programme at
University Terbuka (UT) Indonesia. It used a simple non-linear input and output
design of “economic approach” of cost effectiveness analysis. The instruments that
were developed to collect data about costs and other relevant features of programme
were questionnaires. There were two questionnaires. The first questionnaire was
administered to the management of programme. The elements in first questionnaire
were;
1-Enrolment, 2-completion, 3-costs of examinations, 4- costs of radio and
television transmissions, 5-course presentation costs (tutorial and workshop), 6- costs
of printed material, 7-departmental/ establishment costs, 8- cost of building meant for
this programme in the main campus of university, 9- objectives of programme and
analyses about achievement of objectives, 10-benrolment and completion since 1992
to 2002.
viii
The selected output variables for cost-effectiveness analysis were; (a) Completion rate
(b) Student’s satisfaction with programme. (C) The most important objectives of each
selected programme were analyzed separately. Independent variables for data analysis
were university, gender, age, qualification at the time of admission, profession and
who paid the opportunity cost of students. The dependent variables for data analysis
were student’s satisfaction with programme and student’s opportunity cost.
The purpose to add some queries about the preliminary information was to
obtain some of background knowledge about programme.
Unit cost per pupil was the criteria for cost effectiveness analysis. The cost
function applied for data analysis was;
Unit cost = Fixed cost + Variable costs / N
The results showed that enrolment was the highest at AIOU during 11 years.
The highest average costs of examination were; 93.36 (UT), costs of course
presentation were 93.46 (UT), costs of printed material were 98.97 (BOU), and
departmental costs were 78.76 (BOU). Radio and television department produced
programmes for students of BOU. Average cost of broadcast media was .851 at UT.
As far as unit cost per student is concerned it was the lowest at AIOU. The mean
scores of total opportunity costs were 411 for UT, 227 for BOU and 458 for AIOU.
Student’s satisfaction with programme was highest at UT and lowest at BOU. The
result showed that unit cost was lowest at AIOU and programme was the most cost
effective due to economy of scale.
Income from fee of each programme and item wise costs should be
maintained in documents so that the assessment and comparison of programme may
be feasible for management and researchers. The cost of examination is high at UT as
compared to the other two universities. It is better to work out to lower down the cost
of examination at UT. Costs of broadcast media at AIOU are in the margin. AIOU
may spend on transmissions for all students of B. Ed. The costs of print and
Department at UT are the lowest. AIOU and BOU can benchmark for lower down
costs of print and department.
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CONTENTS
Dedication iii
Forwarding Sheet iv
Approval Sheet v
Acknowledgement vii
Abstract viii
Contents x
List of Tables xii
List of Figures xvii
List of Appendices xix
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1-25
1.1 Statement of the Problem 9
1.2 Objectives 9
1.3 The Rationale of this Study 10
1.4 Significance 11
1.5 Delimitation 13
1.6 Assumptions 14
1.7 Hypotheses of the Study 15
1.8 Procedure 18
1.8.1 Population 18
1.8.2 Sample Selection 18
1.8.3 Instruments 19
1.8.4 Limitations 19
1.8.5 Administration 22
1.8.6 Type of Data 22
1.8.7 Analysis 22
x