Improving Solid Waste Management in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Based on the experience from ...

59 Pages·2016·1.03 MB·English

Advisor: Docent Erik Levlin

IMPROVING SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS IN ADDIS
ABABA, ETHIOPIA, BASED ON THE
EXPERIENCE FROM SWEDEN,
ÖSTERSUND MUNICIPALITY
Hilab Haile
March 2016
TRITA-LWR Degree Project
ISSN 1651-064X
LWR-EX-2016:16
Hilab Haile TRITA-LWR Degree Project 2016:16

© Hilab Haile 2016
Degree Project in Environmental Engineering and Sustainable Infrastructure
Division of Land and Water Resources Engineering
Royal Institute of Technology (KTH)
SE-100 44 STOCKHOLM, Sweden
Reference should be written as: Haile, H (2016) “Improving Solid Waste Management in
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Based on the experience from Sweden, Östersund Municipality”
TRITA-LWR Degree Project LWR-EX-2016:16
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Improving Municipal Solid Waste Management System In Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

SUMMARY IN SWEDISH
Avfall har kontinuerligt producerats så länge som människa existerar.
Och avfall kan betraktas som en urban börda eller som värdefulla resurs
baserat på hur det hanteras. Därför är det mycket viktigt att förvalta och
processa avfall. Den snabba befolkningstillväxten på jorden gör det till en
utmaning att strukturera och utforma ett ordentligt avfallshanteringssy-
stem.
Under de senaste åren har oron för miljöföroreningar ökat globalt. Han-
tering av fast hushållsavfall är en av de mycket allvarliga miljöfrågor som
behöver en omedelbar uppmärksamhet från kommunala myndigheter
både i utvecklade länder och utvecklingsländer. Nästan hälften av städer-
na i de minst utvecklade länderna har ingen avfallshantering. Detta inne-
bär att utvecklingsländerna måste arbeta hårt för att kunna lyckas hantera
avfall. Idén som tillämpas i denna studie är att använda kunskapsöverfö-
ring från de utvecklade länderna.
Som ett väl utvecklat land är Sverige Östersunds kommun tagen som en
förebild för att förbättra och kunna utforma det kommunala fasta av-
fallssystemet i Addis Abeba, Etiopien. Addis Abeba som är en av de tät-
befolkade städerna i det minst utvecklade landet, Etiopien har inte ett
ordentlig fast avfallshanteringssystem. Därför är det praktiskt att ta Sve-
rige som ett exempel för att lära sig ett miljömässigt sätt att hantera fast
kommunalt avfall. Efersom Sverige har satt upp tydliga mål för att han-
tera kommunalt avfall på ett hållbart sätt och försökte hantera fast kom-
munalt avfall i ett miljömässigt riktigt sätt.
Syftet med studien är att skapa ett korsstudie på fast avfallshantering-
ning och återvinningssystem mellan utvecklade och utvecklingsländer
genom att jämföra och analysera de två olika hanteringsmetoder för att
kunna få en praktisk lösning för en modern och kompatibla fasta avfalls-
hantering och återvinningssystem.

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Hilab Haile TRITA-LWR Degree Project 2016:16

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Improving Municipal Solid Waste Management System In Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

SUMMARY
Waste is contineously produced as long as human being exists. And
waste can be considered as an urban burden or as valuable resours based
on how it is managed. Therefore it is very important to properly manage
and process waste. The rapid population growth on earth makes it chal-
lenging to structure and design a proper waste management system that
copes.
In recent years, the concern for environmental pollution has been in-
creased globally. Municipal Solid Waste Mnagement is one of the very se-
rious environmental issues which need an immideate attention from mu-
nicipal authorities both in developed and developing countries. Almost
halv of the cities of least developed countries have no service for solid
waste management. This implies that developing countries need to work
hard to be able to succeed in managing waste. The idea of using the
knowledge transfer from developed countries is applied to this study.
As a well developed country, Sweden Östersund Municipality is taken as
a role model to improve and properly design the municipal solid waste
management system in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Addis Ababa being one
of the highly populated cities in the least developed country, Ethiopia
doesn’t have a proper solid waste management system. Thererfore, tak-
ing Sweden as an example to learn the enviromenttally sound manner of
managing municipal solid waste is practical. Because Sweden has set up
explicit goals to manage municipal waste in a sustainable manner and
tried to manage municipal solid waste in an environementally sound way.
The aim of the study is to create a cross study on solid waste manage-
ment and recycling system between developed and developing country
by comparing and analyzing the two different management practices in
order to be able to get a practical solution for a modern and compatible
solid waste management and recycling system.

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Hilab Haile TRITA-LWR Degree Project 2016:16

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Improving Municipal Solid Waste Management System In Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would kindly like to thank my Supervisor, Erik Levlin who has given
me his precious time and advices throughout my work. Special thanks to
Östersund Municipality for helping me undergo this study by providing
me with all the necessary information and site visits. I would kindly like
to appreciate Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Waste Management office for all
support I got. In addition, I am thankful to Addis Ababa, Arada sub city
for all information and guidance I have received. Lastely, I would like to
mention my heartfelt gratitude to my parents who have helped me un-
derstand the value of hard work and education.

Stockholm, March 2016

Hilab Haile

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Hilab Haile TRITA-LWR Degree Project 2016:16

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Improving Municipal Solid Waste Management System In Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Summary in Swedish .................................................................................................................. iii
Summary ........................................................................................................................................ v
Acknowledgement ..................................................................................................................... vii
Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... 1
Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1
Background information of the study area ................................................................................ 2
Sweden, Östersund Municipality .......................................................................................... 2
Ethiopia, Addis Ababa City ................................................................................................... 3
Problems posed by waste ....................................................................................................... 4
Justification of the study ........................................................................................................ 4
Objectives of the study ........................................................................................................... 6
Scope and Limitation of the study ........................................................................................ 6
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .............................................................................................. 7
Data Collection ....................................................................................................................... 7
Literature Review.................................................................................................................... 7
Field Visit ................................................................................................................................ 8
ENGINEERING ASPECTS OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT AND
RECYCLING ............................................................................................................................... 8
Definitions ............................................................................................................................... 8
Waste, Rubbish, Trash, Garbage or Junk? ........................................................................................... 8
Municipal Solid Waste ......................................................................................................................... 8
Waste Recovery .................................................................................................................................. 9
Recycling ............................................................................................................................................ 9
Quality & Characteristics of Municipal Solid Waste ........................................................... 9
Structure of Integrated Waste Management System.......................................................... 10
Source Reduction .............................................................................................................................. 10
Material Reuse .................................................................................................................................. 11
Material Recycling ............................................................................................................................. 11
Incineration ...................................................................................................................................... 12
Landfill ............................................................................................................................................. 13
Recycling .......................................................................................................................................... 13
Pre Dumping Recycling .................................................................................................................... 13
Recycling While Dumping................................................................................................................. 14
Biological Solid Waste Treatment (Organic Waste Recycling) ............................................................ 14
Composting ...................................................................................................................................... 14
Types of composting ........................................................................................................................ 15
Benefits of Composting and important conditions ............................................................ 15
Few problems associated with Composting ....................................................................................... 15
Incineration (Energy Recycling) ......................................................................................... 16
Definition of Process ........................................................................................................................ 16
Advantages and disadvantages of waste incineration.......................................................................... 17
Environmental Pollution Mitigation for Incineration ......................................................................... 17
Landfill .................................................................................................................................. 17
Sanitary Landfill Concept (what is landfill?) ....................................................................................... 17
Sanitary Landfill design requirement.................................................................................................. 17
Landfill minimization and elimination ............................................................................................... 18
SOCIO ECONOMIC, CULTURAL & NATURAL ASPECT OF WASTE ......................... 19
Socio Economical and Cultural Aspects ............................................................................. 19
Natural Aspects: Climate, Soils, Water and Air .................................................................. 20
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Hilab Haile TRITA-LWR Degree Project 2016:16

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT & RECYCLING PRACTICES IN ADDIS
ABABA, ETHIOPIA ................................................................................................................. 20
Municipal Solid Waste Management in Addis Ababa ....................................................... 20
Generation and Characteristics of the Waste of Addis Ababa ............................................................ 21
Addis Ababa City-Key Authority of MSW Management .................................................................... 22
Waste Collection Procedure .............................................................................................................. 22
Transportation of Collected Waste in Addis Ababa ........................................................................... 23
Waste Disposal Facilities in Addis Ababa .......................................................................................... 24
Waste Recycling and Material Recovery in Addis Ababa .................................................. 25
Recyclable wastes and Current Recycling Activities in Addis Ababa .................................................. 26
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT & RECYCLING PRACTICES IN ÖSTERSUND
MUNICIPALITY, SWEDEN................................................................................................... 27
Municipal Solid waste management in Östersund Municipality ...................................... 27
Generation and Characteristics of Solid Waste in Östersund Municipality ......................................... 28
Östersund Municipality-Key Authority of MSW Management ........................................................... 28
Waste Collection Procedure and Transportation of Collected Waste in Östersund Municipality ........ 29
Waste Disposal Facilities in Östersund Municipality .......................................................................... 29
Waste Recycling and Material Recovery in Östersund Municipality ............................... 30
Recyclable wastes and current Recycling Activities in Östersund ....................................................... 30
RESULTS ................................................................................................................................... 30
Comparison of MSWM and Recycling Scheme in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia with
Östersund Municipality, Sweden ........................................................................................ 30
Legal and Institutional Framework..................................................................................... 30
Financial and Infrastructure aspect ......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Operational Technique of MSWM ...................................................................................... 33
Waste Sorting & Collection ............................................................................................................... 33
Recycling & Recovery Process .......................................................................................................... 34
Energy Recovery from MSW ............................................................................................................ 35
MSW Treatment & Disposal Facilities ............................................................................... 35
Public Participation ........................................................................................................................... 36
DISCUSSIONS .......................................................................................................................... 37
Improvement of Municipal Solid Waste Management Processes .................................... 37
Waste Sorting .................................................................................................................................... 37
Waste Collection, Transportation and Storage ................................................................................... 38
Waste Reduction ............................................................................................................................... 39
Waste Treatment ............................................................................................................................... 40
Sanitary Landfill ................................................................................................................................ 40
Recycling and Scavenging Activities .................................................................................................. 41
RECOMMENDATIONS & CONCLUSION ........................................................................ 42
REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................... 45
APPENDIX A ............................................................................................................................ 48
APPENDIX B ............................................................................................................................ 49

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