Implicatures in Discourse: The Case of Spanish NP Anaphora

320 Pages·2003·2.73 MB·English

by  Sarah E. Blackwell

<ATSKSWVIUIDUEOZTIBYDOTEFLJWFHTECESHHCOOIEN"ETTRRIFIm"DG1O"""p5SPH4"l0r"iT"ca>"ag"tm"u2ra2et0isc"sin&DBisecyoounrdse,:NTehweScearsieeso,fVSopluamniesh10N5P"anaphora"
ImplicaturesinDiscourse
Pragmatics & Beyond New Series
Editor
AndreasH.Jucker
UniversityofZurich,EnglishDepartment
Plattenstrasse47,CH-8032Zurich,Switzerland
e-mail:[email protected]
AssociateEditors
JacobL.Mey
UniversityofSouthernDenmark
HermanParret
BelgianNationalScienceFoundation,UniversitiesofLouvainandAntwerp
JefVerschueren
BelgianNationalScienceFoundation,UniversityofAntwerp
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ShoshanaBlum-Kulka CatherineKerbrat-Orecchioni
HebrewUniversityofJerusalem UniversityofLyon2
JeanCaron ClaudiadeLemos
UniversitédePoitiers UniversityofCampinas,Brazil
RobynCarston MarinaSbisà
UniversityCollegeLondon UniversityofTrieste
BruceFraser EmanuelSchegloff
BostonUniversity UniversityofCaliforniaatLosAngeles
ThorsteinFretheim DeborahSchiffrin
UniversityofTrondheim GeorgetownUniversity
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UniversityofCaliforniaatLosAngeles KansaiGaidaiUniversity
SusanHerring SandraThompson
UniversityofTexasatArlington UniversityofCaliforniaatSantaBarbara
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St.Paul’s(Rikkyo)University UniversityofAmsterdam
DavidHoldcroft RichardJ.Watts
UniversityofLeeds UniversityofBerne
SachikoIde
JapanWomen’sUniversity
Volume105
ImplicaturesinDiscourse:ThecaseofSpanishNPanaphora
bySarahE.Blackwell
Implicatures in Discourse
The case of Spanish NP anaphora
Sarah E. Blackwell
UniversityofGeorgia
JohnBenjaminsPublishingCompany
Amsterdam(cid:1)/(cid:1)Philadelphia
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SarahE.Blackwell
ImplicaturesinDiscourse:ThecaseofSpanishNPanaphora/ SarahE.Blackwell.
p. cm.(Pragmatics&Beyond,NewSeries,issn0922-842X;v.105)
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindexes.
1.Spanishlanguage--Anaphora.2.Spanishlanguage--Discourseanalysis.3.Spanish
language--Nounphrase.I.Title.II.Series.
PC4398.A52 B53 2002
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For Erica

Contents
List of abbreviations used in glosses xi
Preface xiii
Chapter 1
Introduction 1
1.1 General objectives and scope 1
1.2 Deªnite NP anaphora or ‘coreference’ 2
1.3 Grammatically stipulated anaphora versus pragmatic coreference 3
1.4 The syntactic constraint of ‘c-command’ 5
1.5 Theoretical approach, data, and methodology 7
1.6 Outline of the book 8
Chapter 2
The neo-Gricean pragmatic approach to anaphora 11
2. Introduction 11
2.1 Grice’s theory of conversational implicature 12
2.2 Anaphoric expressions as conversational implicatures 17
2.3 Clashes, revisions, and reductions in the original Gricean maxims 21
2.4 Levinson’s neo-Gricean pragmatic approach to anaphora 24
2.5 Problems Levinson’s approach poses for Spanish 31
2.6 Ariel’s arguments against Levinson’s proposal 33
2.7 The non-complementarity of NP expressions in Spanish 36
2.8 Consistency constraints on implicatures 39
2.8.1 The background knowledge constraint on anaphora 40
2.8.2 Grice’s meaning-nn and the mutual knowledge constraint 41
2.8.3 Semantic entailments and general semantic constraints on
anaphora 40
2.8.4 Antecendent saliency and the ‘aboutness’ hypothesis 45
2.9 Summary and proposed framework of analysis 48
Chapter 3
Social, functional, and cognitive approaches to reference 51
3. Introduction 51
viii The Pragmatics of Spanish NP Anaphora
3.1 Minimization and recipient design in conversation 52
3.2 Givenness, choice of NP expression, and the neo-Gricean
framework 57
3.2.1. Predictability, recoverability, and minimization of linguistic form 58
3.2.2. Givenness in terms of saliency 60
3.2.3. Givenness in terms of shared knowledge 69
3.3 Topic continuity in discourse and choice of NP type 74
3.4 Accessibility theory 79
3.5 Focal stress and contrastiveness 83
3.6 Contrastiveness, markedness, and the null/overt subject pronoun
contrast in Spanish 86
3.7 Summary 94
Chapter 4
NP anaphora in Spanish conversation 97
4. Introduction 97
4.1 Conversation and conversation analysis 99
4.2 Data collection, transcription, and participants 101
4.3 The basic pattern of anaphora 103
4.4 Mutual knowledge, choice of linguistic form, and conversational
implicatures 125
4.5 Culturally and socially-based mutual knowledge 142
4.6 Mutual knowledge and the recognition of speaker intention 156
4.7 Conclusions 173
Chapter 5
Referring expressions in Spanish narrative discourse 175
5. Introduction 175
5.1 The Spanish ‘pear ªlm narratives’ 176
5.2 Antecedent saliency, choice of referring expressions, and implicatures
of coreference 180
5.3 The eŸects of background assumptions and mutual knowledge 195
5.4 The role of agreement 210
5.5 The use of marked NPs 225
5.6 Backward anaphora and discourse structure 241
5.7 Summary and conclusions 246
Contents ix
Chapter 6
Conclusions 251
6. Introduction 251
6.1 Evidence for the Q-principle 252
6.2 Evidence for the I- and M-principles 253
6.3 Conclusion 258
Notes 261
References 273
Appendix: Transcription conventions 285
Author index 287
Subject index 291