Implementing Integrated Water Resources Management in Central Asia PDF
Preview Implementing Integrated Water Resources Management in Central Asia
Implementing Integrated Water Resources Management in Central Asia NATO Science Series ASeriespresentingtheresultsofscientificmeetingssupportedundertheNATOScience Programme. TheSeriesispublishedbyIOSPress,Amsterdam,andSpringerinconjunctionwiththeNATO PublicDiplomacyDivision. Sub-Series I. LifeandBehaviouralSciences IOSPress II. Mathematics,PhysicsandChemistry Springer III.ComputerandSystemsScience IOSPress IV. EarthandEnvironmentalSciences Springer TheNATOScienceSeriescontinuestheseriesofbookspublishedformerlyastheNATOASISeries. TheNATOScienceProgrammeofferssupportforcollaborationincivilsciencebetweenscientistsof countriesoftheEuro-AtlanticPartnershipCouncil.Thetypesofscientificmeetinggenerallysupported are“AdvancedStudyInstitutes”and“AdvancedResearchWorkshops,”andtheNATOScienceSeries collects together the results of these meetings. The meetings are co-organized by scientists from NATOcountriesandscientistsfromNATO’sPartnercountries—countriesoftheCISandCentraland EasternEurope. AdvancedStudyInstitutesarehigh-leveltutorialcoursesofferingin-depthstudyoflatestadvances inafield. AdvancedResearchWorkshopsareexpertmeetingsaimedatcriticalassessmentofafield,and identificationofdirectionsforfutureaction. AsaconsequenceoftherestructuringoftheNATOScienceProgrammein1999,theNATOScience Serieswasre-organizedtothefoursub-seriesnotedabove.Pleaseconsultthefollowingwebsitesfor informationonpreviousvolumespublishedintheSeries. http://www.nato.int/science http://www.springer.com http://www.iospress.nl SeriesIV:EarthandEnvironmental–Vol.77 Implementing Integrated Water Resources Management in Central Asia editedby Patricia Wouters UniversityofDundee,U.K. Victor Dukhovny ScientificInformationCenterofInterstateCoordination WaterCommissionTashkent,Uzbekistan and Andrew Allan UniversityofDundee,U.K. PublishedincooperationwithNATOPublicDiplomacyDivision ProceedingsoftheNATOAdvancedResearchWorkshopon IntegratedResourcesManagementinTransboundaryBasins–An InterstateandIntersectoralApproach Bishkek,Kyrgyzstan 23–28February2004 AC.I.P.CataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress. ISBN 978-1-4020-5731-1(PB) ISBN 978-1-4020-5730-4(HB) ISBN 978-1-4020-5732-8(e-book) PublishedbySpringer, P.O.Box17,3300AADordrecht,TheNetherlands. www.springer.com Printedonacid-freepaper AllRightsReserved (cid:2)C 2007Springer Nopartofthisworkmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedin any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recordingorotherwise,withoutwrittenpermissionfromthePublisher,withtheexception ofanymaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurposeofbeingenteredandexecutedona computersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework. CONTENTS Foreword vii INTEGRATEDWATERRESOURCES MANAGEMENT—INTERNATIONALBESTPRACTICE IntegratedWaterResourcesManagement:TheoryandPractice 3 A.DanTarlock INTEGRATEDWATERRESOURCESMANAGEMENT: EXPERIENCEINTHEARALSEABASIN CharacteristicFeaturesofIntegratedWaterResources ManagementintheSyrdaryaRiverBasin 25 M.Kh.Khamidov ParticularCharacteristicsofIntegratedWaterResources Management(IWRM)intheAmudaryaRiverBasin 35 Yu.Khudaiberganov IWRMFinancial,Economic,andLegalAspects:TheExample ofthe“IWRM-Ferghana”Project 45 A.Jaloobayev EnsuringofStabilityandEvenWaterDistributionatNational andLocalLevels 55 A.I.Tuchin TheFutureofthePriaralie 81 T.Kamalov SOCIOECONOMICASPECTSOFINTEGRATEDWATER RESOURCESMANAGEMENTINCENTRALASIA OnPublicParticipationinWaterResourcesManagement 89 A.D.Ryabtsev v vi CONTENTS WaterProductivityIncrease—TheMainGoalofIWRMand WaystoOvercomePoverty 95 Sh.Muhamedzhanov ImplementationoftheAralSeaBasinSocioeconomicModel: AnAssessmentoftheOpportunitiestobeGainedThrough RegionalEconomicIntegration 105 MakhmudT.RuzievandValeriyG.Prikhodko ADDRESSINGTHENEEDFORINTEGRATEDWATER RESOURCESMANAGEMENTATTHEREGIONALLEVEL ProspectsforCentralAsiaDevelopment—IntegratedWater ResourcesManagementasRegionalIssuesSolution 127 V.A.Dukhovny Interstate,Inter-SectoralScientificandPracticalIntegration 139 AbdukohirA.Nazirov TheRoleofStrategicandNationalPlanningintheDevelopment ofWaterManagement 147 T.Altyev TransferofWaterResourcesManagementToward BasinPrinciples 157 A.A.Djalalov BasinManagementBasedonResourceConservation 167 Zh.BekbolotovandA.Jaloobayev FOREWORD “Withoutwaterthereisnolife” ThisbookistheresultofacollaborativeprojectbetweentheUNESCOCentre for Water Law, Policy and Science (formerly the International Water Law ResearchInstitute)attheUniversityofDundee,andtheScientificInformation CenteroftheInterstateCommissionforWaterCoordinationintheAralSea basin(SICICWC).Theprojectwasdedicatedtoexaminingthepracticalissues of Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) in Central Asia, and culminated in a workshop held at Bishkek in February 2004. The workshop brought together some of the leading experts in the field and resulted in importantinsightsintosomeoftheissuessurroundingthetransboundaryand nationalmanagementoftheregion’ssharedfreshwater.However,thespeedof developmentsintheregionhasbeensorapidthatevenintherelativelyshort timesincetheworkshoptookplace,significantchangeshavetakenplace. AsaconsequenceofthedisintegrationoftheSovietUnionandtheresult- ingemergenceoffivenewlyindependentstatesinCentralAsia—Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan—the water resources thatinthepastwerethesovereigndomainofasinglecountry(USSR)hadbe- cometransboundary.Thisprecipitatedtheneedforfindingnewapproachesto managethenowtransboundarywatersofthetwomainriversoftheregion— the Amudarya and Syrdarya Rivers—in order to meet national demands of thefivesovereignStatesthatdependeduponthesewaters.Thus,inSeptember 1991,1monthafterindependence,thenationalMinistersofwaterresources fromeachofthefivecountriesconcludedandsignedadocumentsettingforth theagreedneedforjointwatermanagementofthebasinwaters.OnFebruary 18,1992,anagreementwasreachedontheproceduresforsuchmanagement and the Interstate Commission for Water Coordination (ICWC) was estab- lishedasthemanagementagencyresponsibleforthejointmanagementofthe transboundarywatersintheregion. Fromitsbeginningsintheearly1990s,theinternationalcooperationofthe CentralAsiancountriesinthefieldofwaterresourceshasfurtherdeveloped and matured, primarily through the efforts of the ICWC as a focal coordi- nating joint body. Through years of cooperative endeavors the approaches to water resources management adopted in the region have emerged as rel- atively unique in many ways. There are very few other examples from the world’s250transboundarybasinswherewaterresourceplanningandregula- tiontakesplaceattheinterstatelevel,andwherecontinuouseffortsrelatedto vii viii FOREWORD theallocationofwaterresourcesareundertakenonaregularbasis.Following is a list of some of the major achievements accomplished over the course of recentyears: (cid:2) ThreeinternationalagreementsbetweentheCentralAsianStates,signedby theHeadsofState,andtwoframeworkagreementsonwatermanagement, were adopted during the last decade demonstrating the political will to engageincollaborationaimedatachievingaconflict-freewaterallocation betweentheparties. (cid:2) The ICWC has maintained continuous water management, planning, and controlwithrespecttotheutilizationoftransboundaryriversthroughboth its operational bodies and the mechanism of regular (quarterly) meetings of the parties. In addition to addressing annual and seasonal water allo- cation matters, these meetings consider strategic concerns, including the improvementofmanagementsystems,implementationofinformationand data monitoring systems, integrated management of water resources, and soforth.Intotal,43meetingsoftheICWChavebeenheld. (cid:2) Despite extreme weather variations over the last few years, including two particularly humid and three exceptionally dry years, the ICWC has suc- ceededinpreventingconflictsrelatingtowatermanagement,allocation,and usethroughextensiveandwell-coordinatedactions.Asaresultoftheseef- forts the total annual water withdrawals in the region have been reduced from110to103km3. (cid:2) The regional Information System and information portal that integrate systematic data from both national water institutions and basin water- management organizations were established with the support of the EuropeanUnionandtheSwissDevelopmentAgency. (cid:2) The countries of the region have established effective advanced capacity- development systems in the form of the regional Training Centre and its national branches. Over the last 5 years, more than 2000 medium- and higher-level experts and specialists from water-management institutions and water user associations received training. In addition, 2500 farmers receiveannualtrainingthroughanetworkofdemonstrationplots. (cid:2) Theso-called“integratedwaterresourcesmanagement”approach(IWRM) was recognized as the most appropriate method of ensuring sustainable water use and development in the region in the context of growing water scarcity. Accordingly a wide range of specific measures for rational water use have been implemented at the national level. The implementation of IWRM in the three selected irrigation systems in Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan demonstrated the effectiveness and practicability of this approach. FOREWORD ix However, as evidenced by the joint activity progress reports and outside observers, some of the ICWC activities, especially those related to the elab- oration of regional water policy and further improvement of relevant legal frameworks,havenotadvancedasmuchandasquicklyaswasinitiallyhoped. These concerns were addressed in detail at the workshop in Bishkek, which brought together all ICWC members, including leaders of the five national waterdepartments,managersofthetworiverbasinorganizations,aswellas prominentinternationalandlocalexperts.Theirpaperspublishedinthisbook analyzeboththecurrentstateofthewatermanagementoftransboundarywa- terresourcesintheAralSeabasin,itsstrengthsandweaknesses,anddiscuss ways to further improve the overall effectiveness of transboundary regional cooperationinthefield. The opening paper by Professor Tarlock provides a general review of IWRMprinciplesandassessestheirevolutionfromtheperspectiveofcurrent worlddevelopmenttrends.Thesetrends,inhisopinion,areformedbyashift intheunderstandingofwaterresourcesaspublicpropertytoaperceptionof waterasafactorinsustainabledevelopmentattheintersectionofcompeting interests. ItshouldbenotedinthisrespectthathistoricallytheCentralAsiantradi- tiongaveprioritytonatureinwaterdemandmanagementandindetermining the limits of acceptable water withdrawals from rivers. This tradition also imposed strict limitations on water use and distribution. Public water man- agement in the context of the Islamic Sharia law included both appointment of water managers by the public, public participation in all water activities, water distribution rules “from root water users to upper levels” and pub- lic arbitration of all water disputes, all of which are features of the modern IWRM. Current efforts to reach an appropriate balance between, for example, commercialenergyinterestsandirrigatedagriculturefacealmostimpossible challengesinthecontextoftheexistingupwardtrendsinenergyprices,along withthedeclineofagriculturalproductionprices(exacerbatedbythedestruc- tive impact of agricultural subsidies in developed countries). Consequently, differentapproachesareneededachieveaproperbalancebetweencompeting demands and here the unique experience of the USA–Canada International JointCommissionisinstructive. The emphasis of modern transboundary water law on the principle of equitable and reasonable use causes problems of implementation because of the lack of precise criteria implicit in the concept. New approaches to the application of equitable and reasonable use have recently emerged as demonstratedbytheLegalAssessmentModel(LAM),developedbythewater resourceexpertsfromtheUniversityofDundee.Othertoolstoaddresswater
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