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Annamalai Manickavasagan Hemantha Jayasuriya E ditors Imaging with Electromagnetic Spectrum Applications in Food and Agriculture Imaging with Electromagnetic Spectrum Annamalai Manickavasagan Hemantha Jayasuriya Editors Imaging with Electromagnetic Spectrum Applications in Food and Agriculture 1 3 Editors Annamalai Manickavasagan Hemantha Jayasuriya Sultan Qaboos University Muscat Oman ISBN 978-3-642-54887-1 ISBN 978-3-642-54888-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-54888-8 Springer Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2014939534 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface As we are in the midst of the information technology era, the rapid development in electronics and instrumentation areas has made it possible to create informative images using each and every micro region of the light spectrum at high resolu- tion and speed. Imaging with each region has its own merits, and widely used in diversified fields. This technology is also being well utilized in agricultural and food sector for various applications. However, there are lots of unexplored areas of applications for the improvement of agricultural and food production system using existing imaging technology. Through this book, we have made a resourceful com- pilation for theory, instrumentation, practical considerations on readily utilized, and potential applications for the whole light spectrum in an easily understandable manner. This book begins with a prologue chapter providing an introduction to the electromagnetic spectrum, from the imaging point of view, by presenting example cases where different bands of frequencies are used in different areas of research. This is also fortified with descriptions closely inclined to food- and agriculture- related examples. Out of the remaining nine chapters, each one is dedicated for specific and useful wavelength regions in the spectrum: gamma ray, X-ray, ultra- violet (UV) light, visible light, near infrared (NIR), mid and far infrared, thermal infrared, microwaves, and radiofrequency waves. Around 100 images have been used throughout this book to visualize theory, instrumentation, equipment, and various applications thoroughly. This book is prepared carefully by considering wider range of audiences such as high school, undergraduate and graduate levels, academics, and researchers in various disciplines of agricultural and food-related systems. This comprehensive collection will certainly be beneficial to students, researchers, academics and the others who are all involved or interested in agriculture and food. Annamalai Manickavasagan Hemantha Jayasuriya v Acknowledgments The editors would like to sincerely thank the Sultan Qaboos University for providing facilities and The Research Council (TRC) of Sultanate of Oman for funding a research project on Imaging Application (Project No. RC/AGR/SWAE/11/01- Development of Computer Vision Technology for Quality Assessment of Dates in Oman), which encouraged the editors to initiate compiling this book. All chapter authors are whole heartedly acknowledged for prompt submission according to the deadline. The support provided by Dr. P. M. K. Alahakoon, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, during the early stages of this book project is highly acknowledged. We all thank the staff of editorial and production department of Springer for their unstinted support and efforts to bring this book in the present form. vii Contents 1 Introduction to the Electromagnetic Spectrum ................... 1 Sindhuja Sankaran and Reza Ehsani 2 Gamma-Ray Imaging ........................................ 17 A. Manickavasagan and N. Yasasvy 3 X-ray Imaging .............................................. 33 C. Karunakaran and D. S. Jayas 4 UV Imaging ................................................ 57 Preetam Sarkar and Ruplal Choudhary 5 Visible Light Imaging ........................................ 67 Neetha Udayakumar 6 Near-infrared Imaging and Spectroscopy ........................ 87 V. Chelladurai and D. S. Jayas 7 Mid- and Far-infrared Imaging ................................ 129 Sindhuja Sankaran, Lav R. Khot and Reza Ehsani 8 Thermal Infrared Imaging .................................... 147 M. Teena and A. Manickavasagan 9 Microwave Imaging .......................................... 175 Massimo Donelli 10 Radio Frequency Imaging .................................... 191 Gabriel Thomas and A. Manickavasagan ix Contributors V. Chelladurai Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada Ruplal Choudhary Department of Plant, Soil and Agricultural Systems, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA Massimo Donelli Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, Polo Scientifico e Tecnologico Fabio Ferrari, University of Trento, Trento, Italy Reza Ehsani Citrus Research and Education Center/IFAS, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA D. S. Jayas Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada Hemantha Jayasuriya Department of Soils, Water and Agricultural Engineering, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al Khoud, Sultanate of Oman C. Karunakaran Canadian Light Source Inc., University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada Lav R. Khot Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA A. Manickavasagan Department of Soils, Water and Agricultural Engineering, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al Khoud, Sultanate of Oman Sindhuja Sankaran Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA Preetam Sarkar Department of Food Process Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Orissa, India M. Teena Department of Soils, Water and Agricultural Engineering, College of Agri- cultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al Khoud, Sultanate of Oman xi xii Contributors Gabriel Thomas Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada Neetha Udayakumar School of Biosystems Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland N. Yasasvy Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA About the Editors Dr. Annamalai Manickavasagan, Ph.D., PEng (Canada) obtained Ph.D. from the University of Manitoba, Canada. He is a licensed professional engineer (PEng) in the province of New Brunswick, Canada. After Ph.D., he worked with McCain Foods Limited (Canada) as Scientist. At present, he is working as an Assistant Professor at the College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman. He has published 2 books, 5 book chapters, and more than 60 scienticfi papers in peer reviewed journals and international conferences. He has diversiefi d research and management experience with academic institutions and industries in Canada, Malaysia, India, and Oman. Dr. Hemantha Jayasuriya, Ph.D., CEng obtained B.Sc. Eng. (Hons) in Mechanical Engineering in 1983. His M.Eng. and Ph.D. in Agricultural Engineering were from AIT Thailand. He is a chartered mechanical engineer by profession with over 7 years of industrial experience and over 20 years of academic experience in teaching, research, and administrative activities during his career. He has supervised and completed nearly 40 graduate students including several Ph.D. students and published over 80 scienticfi publications in peer reviewed journal, and international conference proceedings. He has also published technical reports and book chapters and possesses patents. He has membership credentials with international professional bodies such as ASABE, ISPA, ISTVS, and AAAE and currently the Vice Presidents of AAAE for Energy, Environment and emerging Technologies. Since August 2009, he is a Faculty Member at the Department of Soils, Water and Agricultural Engineering, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman. xiii

Description:

This book demonstrates how imaging techniques, applying different frequency bands from the electromagnetic spectrum, are used in scientific research. Illustrated with numerous examples this book is structured according to the different radiation bands: From Gamma-rays over UV and IR to radio frequen