Imaging of the Liver and Intra-hepatic Biliary Tract: Volume 1: Imaging Techniques and Non-tumoral Pathologies PDF
Preview Imaging of the Liver and Intra-hepatic Biliary Tract: Volume 1: Imaging Techniques and Non-tumoral Pathologies
Medical Radiology · Diagnostic Imaging Series Editors: Hans-Ulrich Kauczor · Paul M. Parizel · Wilfred C. G. Peh Emilio Quaia Editor Imaging of the Liver and Intra-hepatic Biliary Tract Volume 1: Imaging Techniques and Non-tumoral Pathologies Medical Radiology Diagnostic Imaging Series Editors Hans-Ulrich Kauczor Paul M. Parizel Wilfred C. G. Peh For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/4354 Emilio Quaia Editor Imaging of the Liver and Intra-hepatic Biliary Tract Volume 1: Imaging Techniques and Non-tumoral Pathologies Editor Emilio Quaia Radiology Unit, Department of Medicine - DIMED University of Padova Padova, Italy ISSN 0942-5373 ISSN 2197-4187 (electronic) Medical Radiology ISBN 978-3-030-38982-6 ISBN 978-3-030-38983-3 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38983-3 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 This work is subject to copyright. 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This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland To my beloved Luigi Contents Part I E mbriology and Normal Radiologic Anatomy Embryology and Development of the Liver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Lorenzo Ugo and Emilio Quaia Liver Anatomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Lorenzo Ugo, Silvia Brocco, Arcangelo Merola, Claudia Mescoli, and Emilio Quaia Part II I maging and Interventional Modalities Ultrasound of the Liver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Vasileios Rafailidis and Paul S. Sidhu Computed Tomography of the Liver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Domenico De Santis, Federica Landolfi, Marta Zerunian, Damiano Caruso, and Andrea Laghi Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Liver: Technical Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 António Pedro Pissarra, Raquel Madaleno, Manuela França, and Filipe Caseiro-Alves Nuclear Medicine of Hepatobiliary System (SPECT and PET) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Pietro Zucchetta and Diego Cecchin Liver Biopsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Valentina Bernardinello, Silvia Ceccato, Antonio Giangregorio, Serena Magnaguagno, Filippo Crimí, and Emilio Quaia Hepatic Angiography and Vascular Interventional Radiology . . . . . . 133 Alessandro Pauro, Amalia Lupi, Chiara Mattolin, Mirko Lazzarin, and Emilio Quaia Intrahepatic Biliary Tract Interventional Radiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Alessandro Rago, Francesca Zavan, Sofia Moschi, Paolo De Vincentis, Filippo Crimí, and Emilio Quaia vii viii Contents Part III Hepatic and Biliary Tract Non-Tumoral Pathology Congenital and Development Disorders of the Liver. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 Anna Florio, Lorenzo Ugo, Filippo Crimí, and Emilio Quaia Fibropolycystic Liver Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Carlos Bilreiro and Inês Santiago Inflammatory Liver Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 İlkay S. İdilman, Deniz Akata, and Muşturay Karçaaltıncaba Liver Steatosis and NAFLD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 Manuela França and João Mota Louro Liver Increased Iron Deposition and Storage Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 Manuela França and João Pinheiro Amorim Chronic Hepatitis and Liver Fibrosis/Cirrhosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 Sara Mehrabi, Enza Genco, Mariacristina Maturi, and Mirko D’Onofrio Vascular Liver Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 Manuela França and Joana Pinto Imaging of Liver Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 Stefania Romano, Tomas Andrasina, Hana Petrasova, Luca Tarotto, Gianluca Gatta, Alfonso Ragozzino, and Vlastimil Valek Non-tumoral Pathology of the Intrahepatic Biliary Tract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337 Jelena Kovač Abbreviations AASLD American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases AAST American Association for Surgery and Trauma AATD Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency ABC Acute bacterial cholangitis ABCR α-Fetoprotein Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer Child-Pugh and Response (score) ACT Adoptive cell transfer ADC Apparent diffusion coefficient ADPKD Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease ADPLD Autosomal dominant polycystic liver disease AE Adverse event AFP Alpha-fetoprotein AGA American Gastroenterology Association AGS Alagille syndrome AI Artificial intelligence AIF Arterial input function AIH Autoimmune hepatitis AIOM Italian Association of Medical Oncology AISF Italian Association for the Study of the Liver AKI Acute kidney injury AML Angiomyolipoma AP Arterial Phase APASL Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver APHE Arterial phase hyperenhancement APS Arterioportal shunt APTT Activated partial thromboplastin time ARFI Acoustic radiation force impulse ARPKD Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease ART Assessment for Retreatment with TACE (score) ASQ Acoustic structure quantification AST Serum aspartate aminotransferase AUC Area Under the Curve AVM Arteriovenous malformation BA Biliary atresia BASM Biliary atresia splenic malformation BCLC Barcellona Clinic Liver Cancer BCS Budd–Chiari syndrome ix x Abbreviations BD Bile duct β-HCA β-Catenin-mutated type with upregulation of glutamine synthetase hepatocellular adenoma BF Blood flow BH Biliary hamartomas BMD Basis material decomposition BMI Body mass index BRCLM Breast cancer liver metastases BSA Body surface area BSC Best supportive care BV Blood volume CAP Controlled attenuation parameter CBCTA Cone-beam computed tomographic angiography CCC (or CCA) Cholangiocarcinoma CDDP Cisplatin CDUS Color Doppler ultrasound CE Contrast enhancement CECT (or CE-CT) Contrast-enhanced CT CEMRI (or CE-MRI) Contrast-enhanced MRI CEUS Contrast-enhanced ultrasound CHA Common hepatic artery cHC Mixed or combined (or biphenotypic) hepatocellular carci- noma and cholangiocarcinoma CHD Common hepatic duct CHF Congenital hepatic fibrosis CKD-EPI Chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration CM Contrast medium CMV Cytomegalovirus COACH Cerebellar vermis hypo/aplasia, oligophrenia, ataxia con- genital, coloboma, and hepatic fibrosis syndrome CP Child-Pugh CPSS Congenital portosystemic shunts CR Complete response CRA Cryoblation CRC Colorectal cancer CRLM Colorectal cancer liver metastases CRP C-reactive protein CS Caroli syndrome CSPH Clinically significant portal hypertension CT Computed tomography cTACE Conventional TACE CTAP CT arterial portography CTHA CT hepatic arteriography CTP CT perfusion CTPI CT perfusion index CV Central vein of the hepatic lobule Abbreviations xi DCE Dynamic contrast enhanced DCE-US Dynamic contrast-enhanced ultrasound DEBIRI Drug-eluting beads irinotecan-loaded DEB-TACE Drug-eluting bead TACE DECT Dual-energy CT DILI Drug-induced liver injury DISIDA Disofenin DKI Diffusion kurtosis imaging dlDECT Dual-layer detector DECT DN Dysplastic nodule DP Delayed phase DSA Digital subtraction angiography dsDECT Dual-Source dual-energy CT DWI (or DW imaging) Diffusion-weighted imaging sequence (MRI) EAP Early arterial phase EASL European Association for the Study of the Liver ECCM Extracellular contrast media ECOG Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group EDV End diastolic velocity EES Extravascular-extracellular space EF Enhancing fraction EFSUMB European Federation of Societies for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology EGDS Esophago-gastro-duodenoscopy eGFR Estimated glomerular filtration rate EHD Extrahepatic disease EHE Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma EHPVO Extrahepatic portal vein obstruction EHS Extrahepatic spread EIS Endoscopic injection sclerotherapy EMH Extramedullary hematopoiesis ENETS European Neuroendocrine Tumour Society EOB-DTPA Ethoxybenzyl diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (gadox- etic acid) EORTC European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer EPSVS Extrahepatic portosystemic venous shunt e-PTFE Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene ERCP Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography ESGAR European Society of Gastrointestinal and Abdominal Radiology ESMO European Society for Medical Oncology EUS Endoscopic ultrasound EVL Endoscopic variceal band ligation FAST Focused assessment with sonography in trauma FBP Filtered back projection FDG-PET Fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography
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