Imaging and Imagining the Fetus: The Development of Obstetric Ultrasound PDF
Preview Imaging and Imagining the Fetus: The Development of Obstetric Ultrasound
Imaging and Imagining the Fetus This page intentionally left blank Imaging and Imagining the Fetus The Development of Obstetric Ultrasound Malcolm Nicolson and John E. E. Fleming The Johns Hopkins University Press Baltimore © 2013 The Johns Hopkins University Press All rights reserved. Published 2013 Printed in the United States of America on acid-f ree paper 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 The Johns Hopkins University Press 2715 North Charles Street Baltimore, Maryl and 21218-4 363 www .press. jhu .edu Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Nicolson, Malcolm, 1952– Imaging and imagining the fetus : the development of obstetric ultrasound / Malcolm Nicolson and John E. E. Fleming. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978- 1- 4214- 0793- 7 (hdbk. : alk. paper) — ISBN 1- 4214- 0793-0 (hdbk. : alk. paper) — ISBN 978- 1- 4214-0 824- 8 (electronic) — ISBN 1-4 214-0 824- 4 (electronic) I. Fleming, John E. E. (John Eric Edgcumbe), 1934– II. Title. [DNLM: 1. Donald, Ian, 1910–1 987. 2. Ultrasonography, Prenatal—h istory—Scotland. 3. Ultrasonography, Prenatal— instrumentation—Scotland. 4. Diffusion of Innovation— Scotland. 5. Fetal Diseases—d iagnosis—Scotland. 6. History, 20th Century— Scotland. 7. Politics— Scotland. WQ 11 FS2] 618.3'207543—dc23 2012017646 A catal og record for this book is available from the British Library. Special discounts are available for bulk purchases of this book. For more information, please contact Special Sales at 410- 516- 6936 or specialsales@ press.jhu.edu. The Johns Hopkins University Press uses environmentally friendly book materials, including recycled text paper that is composed of at least 30 percent post-c onsumer waste, whenever possible. To the memory of John’s parents, Eric E. and Emilie M. Fleming To John’s children, Alan, Rachel, and Peter, and to his grandchildren, Hannah, whom we never knew, Rhona, and Benjamin And to Catherine and Eilidh Nicolson, who w ere fortunate enough never to need much assistance from the technologies of modern obstetrics This page intentionally left blank Contents Ac know ledg ments ix 1 Introduction: Historiographies of Obstetrics 1 2 Diagnostic Ultrasound before Thomas Brown 12 3 Ian Donald before Ultrasound I: St. Thomas’s Hospital and the Royal Air Force 46 4 Ian Donald before Ultrasound II: Hammersmith and Glasgow 72 5 A-Scope Investigations in Glasgow 88 6 The First Contact Scanner 119 7 The Automatic Scanner and the Diasonograph 144 8 Behind the Iron Curtain: Ultrasound and the Fetus 173 9 Diffusion, Controversy, and Commodifi cation 203 10 Ian Donald after Ultrasound: Contraception and Abortion 234 11 Maternity and Technology 250 Notes 269 Index 309 This page intentionally left blank Ac know ledg ments We have been engaged in this work for what seems like an inordinate amount of time and have acquired many substantial debts over the years. We are particularly happy to acknowledge the support of Professor Iain T. Cam- eron. Following his appointment to Glasgow University as Regius Professor, he initiated collaboration between the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecol ogy and the Centre for the History of Medicine, and generously sponsored this project in its early stages. Also deserving of special thanks is Dr. Ian Spencer, whose work as Research Assistant was instrumental in getting the project going. Ian did much of the initial groundwork and skillfully conducted a number of key interviews. This book would not have been possible without the cooperation of the Donald family. Mrs. Alix Donald made a large number of her late husband’s papers available to us and shared her recollections of many of the key episodes in Ian Donald’s career. Dame Alison Munro provided us with valuable insights into her brother’s character and early life, and she allowed us to quote from her account of the family’s time in South Africa. We also benefi ted from much moral and practical support and advice from Donald’s daughters, Tessa Eide, Caroline Wilkinson, Christina Sargent, and Margaret Weston. We owe a signifi cant debt to all who w ere willing to speak to us and our voice recorders about their experiences with Ian Donald, Thomas G. Brown, and ultrasound: Wallace Barr, Dugald Cameron, Stuart Campbell, Winnie Childs, Robert Chivers, Jack L. Crichton, Alexander D. Christie, John Crof- ton, Bernard Donnelly, Thomas C. Duggan, Brian W. Fraser, Angus J. Hall, Malcolm MacNaughton, John MacVicar, W. Norman McDicken, Margaret B. McNay, John Rennie, Hugh P. Robinson, Robert E. Steiner, Bertil Sundén, John Julian Wild, James Willocks, and Maureen Young. A special mention should be made of Tom Brown, who patiently submitted to being interviewed
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