Identifying Ditch Geometry and Top of the Bank Location Using Airborne LiDAR Point Cloud

181 Pages·2017·20.19 MB·English

Purdue University
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Open Access Theses Theses and Dissertations
2013
Identifying Ditch Geometry and Top of the Bank
Location Using Airborne LiDAR Point Cloud
Naime Celik
Purdue University
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Celik, Naime, "Identifying Ditch Geometry and Top of the Bank Location Using Airborne LiDAR Point Cloud" (2013).Open Access
Theses. 30.
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/open_access_theses/30
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Graduate School ETD Form 9
(Revised 12/07)
PURDUE UNIVERSITY
GRADUATE SCHOOL
Thesis/Dissertation Acceptance
This is to certify that the thesis/dissertation prepared
By NaimeCelik
Entitled
IdentifyingDitchGeometryandTopoftheBankLocationUsingAirborneLiDARPointCloud
MasterofScienceinEngineering
For the degree of
Is approved by the final examining committee:
MelbaM.Crawford

Chair
JaneR.Frankenberger

JamesS.Bethel

BoudewijnH.W. VanGelder

To the best of my knowledge and as understood by the student in the Research Integrity and
Copyright Disclaimer (Graduate School Form 20), this thesis/dissertation adheres to the provisions of
Purdue University’s “Policy on Integrity in Research” and the use of copyrighted material.

MelbaM.Crawford
Approved by Major Professor(s): ____________________________________
____________________________________
Approved by: MichaelE.Kreger 12 /04/2013
Head of the Graduate Program Date
IDENTIFYING DITCH GEOMETRY AND TOP OF THE BANK LOCATION USING
AIRBORNE LIDAR POINT CLOUD
A Thesis
Submitted to the Faculty
of
Purdue University
by
Naime Celik

In Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Degree
of
Master of Science in Engineering
December 2013
Purdue University
West Lafayette, Indiana
ii

To those who serves for universal human rights and equality
Evrensel insan hakları ve eşitlik için hizmet edenlere
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Firstly, I would like to express my gratitude to the Ministry of National Education
of the Republic of Turkey and Turkish Petroleum Corporation (TPAO) for their financial
support that enabled me to pursue this research.
I am heartily thankful to my co-advisors Prof. Jane Frankenberger and Prof.
Melba Crawford for their guidance, encouragement and understanding during this
research. I also would like to thank Dr. Jinha Jung for sharing his ideas and his
contribution. Their support of my master's thesis research enhanced my programming
ability, inspired me to learn practical application of my field and help me to gain self-
learning skills. Our nearly twice-monthly meetings taught me the importance and benefit
of working in collaboratively. I would like to seek out and establish similar group works
in my future career. In terms of learning how to conduct a research, I had an invaluable
experience thanks to my advisers. I would not have been to carry out this research
without their supervision, assistance and support.
I would like to also thank to my committee members Prof. Jim Bethel and
especially Prof. Boudewijn H. W. van Gelder who assisted me during thesis writing
process with his profound knowledge of Geodesy.
I would like to thank the Agricultural and Biological Department at Purdue
University for providing me transportation vehicles and surveying equipment with which
to conduct the site surveys.
iv
I also thank a graduate student, Julie Speelman from Department of Entomology,
who drove us many times to distance locations and obtained permissions for survey sites.
Additionally, an undergraduate student, Kirsten E. Paff, from Agricultural and Biological
Department, deserves much thanks for being a survey crew together.
I am deeply grateful to the students in our department and friends in the US and as
well as in Turkey for their help on my questions and discussions that facilitated me to
learn more.
Lastly, I would like to thank those closest to me. To my mother, Gülizar, my
father Şahin and my other family members who have endless love and encouragement. In
a world in which women are still living with many disadvantages, having parents and
family members that did not hesitate one minute to support me in my academic and
extracurricular activities was precious to me. I hope that someday, there will no longer be
discrimination among people due to sex, race, age, religion, wealth or nationality; and
many more women will gain their fundamental human right of education. Finally, I
would like to thank my boyfriend, Jeff, who has provided never-ending support and has
shown me how to find humor even in the gloomiest of times and to look at life from a
broader perspective.
Thank you all.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

TABLE OF CONTENTS .....................................................................................................v
LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... viii
LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................x
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................................................... xvii
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... xviii
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................1
1.1 Benefits of Knowing Ditch Geometry .................................................................1
1.2 LiDAR..................................................................................................................3
1.3 Previous Investigations of LiDAR for Determining Ditch Geometry ................3
1.4 Research Objective ..............................................................................................6
1.5 Organization of Thesis .........................................................................................6
CHAPTER 2. DATA ......................................................................................................7
2.1 Remote Sensing Data Sets ...................................................................................7
2.1.1 Indiana State LiDAR .............................................................................. 7
2.1.2 NASA G-LiHT LiDAR ........................................................................ 10
2.1.3 Pre-Processing of LiDAR Data ............................................................ 12
2.1.3.1 Using ASCII Format LiDAR Data ....................................................... 12
2.1.3.2 Digital Elevation Model (DEM) Derived from
Indiana State LiDAR................................................................................. 13
2.1.4 Indiana State Orthoimagery .................................................................. 13
2.2 Ground Reference Data Set ...............................................................................14
2.2.1 Survey Sites .......................................................................................... 15
2.2.2 Collection of RTK GPS Data with
the In-CORS Network............................................................................... 16
2.2.3 RTK GPS Point Data Collection .......................................................... 17
2.3 Point Cloud Data Classification .........................................................................20
2.3.1 Classification Methods Used by Data Providers .................................. 20
2.3.2 Reclassification of LiDAR Data ........................................................... 24
2.3.2.1 Selection of Parameters for LASTOOLS Data Classification .............. 25
2.3.2.2 Selection of Parameters for MCC_LIDAR Data Classification ........... 28
vi
Page
CHAPTER 3. METHODS FOR IDENTIFYING
THE TOP OF THE DITCH BANK ...................................................................................32
3.1 Obtaining and Smoothing Stream Points ...........................................................34
3.1.1 Obtaining Stream Points ....................................................................... 34
3.1.2 Smoothing Stream Shape ..................................................................... 35
3.1.2.1 Locally Weighted Scatter Plot Smoothing ............................................ 35
3.1.2.2 Determining Independent and Dependent Variable .............................. 37
3.2 Extracting Ground Points and Conversion to Local
Coordinate System .................................................................................................39
3.2.1 Local Coordinate Transformation ........................................................ 39
3.2.2 Stream Curving Effect and Determination
Section Box Size ....................................................................................... 43
3.3 Obtaining Smoothed Cross Sectional Points and
Top of the Banks ....................................................................................................49
3.3.1 Smoothing Cross Sectional Point Data ................................................ 49
3.3.1.1 Smoothing Spline Fit ............................................................................ 49
3.3.1.2 Gaussian Mixture Model....................................................................... 50
3.3.1.3 Determining Smoothing Parameters ..................................................... 50
3.3.2 Detection of Top of the bank locations ................................................ 52
3.3.2.1 Utilizing Derivatives (Slope and Curvature)
of the Spline .......................................................................................... 53
3.3.2.2 Utilizing Area Difference Under the Spline ......................................... 55
3.3.2.3 Using Local Maximum ......................................................................... 57
3.3.2.4 Evaluation of Top of the Banks Candidates
and Selecting a Final Estimate .................................................................. 59
3.4 Transformation of Local Coordinates to
Global Coordinates ................................................................................................65
3.5 Extracting Cross Section Geometry from
Surveyed RTK GPS Points ....................................................................................66
3.6 Application of the Method to Entire Ditch Section ................................................68
CHAPTER 4. RESULTS: EXTRACTION OF THE TOP
OF THE DITCH BANKS ..................................................................................................72
4.1 Comparison of State LiDAR and RTK GPS ......................................................72
4.2 Results from Comparison of State LiDAR and
G-LiHT LiDAR with RTK GPS ........................................................................76
4.3 Additional Issues ................................................................................................78
vii
Page
CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................81
5.1 Issues Related to the Methods ............................................................................83
5.1.1 Data Acquisition Dates and Misclassification of Points ........................... 83
5.1.2 Determination of Bank Tops between Smoothing
Spline and Gaussian Mixture Model......................................................... 87
5.2 Recommendations ..............................................................................................88
LIST OF REFERENCES ...................................................................................................91
APPENDICES
A. Appendix -Survey Sites and Maps .........................................................................97
RTK GPS Field Survey Sites .........................................................................................98
B. Appendix -Top of The Bank Figures For
Each Surveyed Cross Section ......................................................................................104
Site 1 Top of the Bank Figures ....................................................................................105
Site 2 Top of the Bank Figures ....................................................................................112
Site 3 Top of the Bank Figures ....................................................................................120
Site 4 Top of the Bank Figures ....................................................................................127
C. Appendix -Global and Local Coordinates,
Horizontal and Vertical Difference Tables for Sites ...................................................141
Site 1 Tables .................................................................................................................141
Site 2 Tables .................................................................................................................143
Site 3 Tables .................................................................................................................145
Site 4 Tables .................................................................................................................147
Indiana State LiDAR........................................................................................... 147
G-LiHT LiDAR .................................................................................................. 149
D. Appendix -Survey Site Section Results of
Method With Digitization ............................................................................................150
Site 2 Ditch Section .....................................................................................................150
Site 3 Ditch Section .....................................................................................................154
Site 4 Ditch Section .....................................................................................................157
viii
LIST OF TABLES

Table Page
1.1 DEM Statistics depending on interpolation
method (Bater &Coops,2009) ............................................................................................. 5 
2.1 Indiana State LiDAR data acquisition information ...................................................... 9 
2.2 Survey Sites Permissions ........................................................................................... 15 
2.3 Survey Site and Survey Dates ..................................................................................... 17 
3.1 Bank Top Coordinates for Site 1 ................................................................................ 71 
4.1 Vertical and horizontal coordinate difference between
bank tops ........................................................................................................................... 74 
4.2 Width between the corresponding bank tops of cross
sections and width difference between LiDAR and RTK GPS ........................................ 76 
4.3 Comparison for H1 an H2 between IN State LiDAR
and G-LiHT LiDAR .......................................................................................................... 77 
4.4 Comparison for W1 and W2 between IN State LiDAR
and G-LiHT LiDAR .......................................................................................................... 78 
A.1 Information for survey sites used in the study ........................................................... 97 
A.2 Indiana State LiDAR Class Codes in Las 1.2 Format ................................................ 97 
A.3 NAD83 UTM Zone 16 Coordinates of Test Points ................................................ 102 
A.4 RMSE Calculation (FGDC,2013) ............................................................................ 102 
C.1 Site 1 Positive Site Bank Top Global Coordinates .................................................. 141 
C.2 Site 1 Negative Site Bank Top Global Coordinates ................................................. 141 
C.3 Site 1 Bank Top Local Coordinates ......................................................................... 141 
C.4 Site 1 Vertical Difference ........................................................................................ 142 
C.5 Site 1 Horizontal Difference ................................................................................... 142