identification of erosion prone areas, estimation of soil erosion from overburden areas of coal ...

158 Pages·2015·3.29 MB·English

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IDENTIFICATION OF EROSION PRONE AREAS,
ESTIMATION OF SOIL EROSION FROM OVERBURDEN
AREAS OF COAL MINES AND THEIR PREVENTIVE
MEASURES IN CHIRIMIRI

M. Tech. (Agril. Engg.) THESIS

by

Maneesh Singh Tomar

DEPARTMENT OF SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERING
S V COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY, FACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL
ENGINEERING, INDIRA GANDHI KRISHI
VISHWAVIDYALAYA
RAIPUR (C.G.)

2015

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IDENTIFICATION OF EROSION PRONE AREAS,
ESTIMATION OF SOIL EROSION FROM OVERBURDEN
AREAS OF COAL MINES AND THEIR PREVENTIVE
MEASURES IN CHIRIMIRI
Thesis
Submitted to the
Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur
by
Maneesh Singh Tomar
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE DEGREE OF
Master of Technology
in
Agricultural Engineering
(Soil and Water Engineering)

Roll No. 220113026 I D No. 20131418573
JULY, 2015
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I feel great pleasure in expressing my sincere and deep sense of gratitude
to Dr. R. K. Sahu, Major Advisor and Chairman of my advisory committee, Dean,
Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, for
his valuable, talented, inspiring, constructive criticism, and ceaseless encouragement
provided during the entire project work.
My due regards, reverential gratitude and thankfulness are extended to
member of my advisory committee Dr.M.P. Tripathi; Professor and Head of Department
, Soil and Water Engineering, Dr. M.L. Lakhera ; Professor, Department of Agril.
Statistics and Social Science, College of agriculture, Indira Gandhi Krishi
Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, Dr. S. V. Jogdand, Professor, Department of Farm Machinery
and Power Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya,
Raipur, Mr. R.N. Sonwanshi; Mining Engineer (Central Govt. Organisation) Area
Manager, Opencast Mine (SECL) Chirimiri, C.G. for his most valuable guidance,
suggestions, useful criticism and whole hearted support during my study and research.
With my immense pleasure I acknowledge Dr. M. P. Tripathy, Professor and
Head, Department of Soil and Water Engineering Indira Gandhi Krishi
Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, C. G. for his guidance, cooperation and suggestions right
through my studies. Further, I wish to convey my sincere thanks to Dr. V. P. Verme;
Professor, Department of Soil and Water Engineering, Dr. A. K. Pali; Professor,
Department of Soil and Water Engineering, Er. P. Katre, Assistant Professor,
Department of Soil and Water Engineering, Er. Dhiraj Khalkho; Assistant Professor,
Department of Soil and Water Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering,
I.G.K.V., Raipur for his inspiring thought and constant encouragement during the entire
course of my study.
I would like to thank , Er. B. Choudhury; (GM) Mining Engineer, P&P
Department SECL Bilaspur, C.G. and all members and staff of Opencast Mine (SECL)
Chirimiri for providing necessary data and required facilities for this project. I am also
thankful to Dr. B. P. Mishra; Professor and Head, Department of Farm Machinery and
Power, Dr. S. Patel; Professor and Head, Department of Agricultural Processing Food
Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, IGKV, Raipur for their help,
affectionate encouragement and useful suggestion during the tenure of this investigation.
I wish to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. S. K. Patil, Hon’ble Vice Chancellor,
IGKV,Raipur; Dr. J.S. Urkurkar, Director Research Services and Dr. S. S. Shaw,
Director of Instructions, IGKV, Raipur for their administrative and technical help which
facilitated my research work.I am extremely thankful to all the faculty members of the
Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Ph.D. Scholars, for their time to time help
rendered during the course of study. I am also thankful to all the staff members of
Faculty of Agricultural Engineering for their kind support and help at various stages of
the
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter Title Page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I
TABLE OF CONTENT III
LIST OF TABLES V
LIST OF FIGURES VI
LIST OF NOTATIONS VIII
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS IX
ABSTRACT X

I INTRODUCTION 1
II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 5
2.1 Coal Mine Overburden Dumps 5
2.2 Rainfall Analysis 10
2.3 Physico−Chemical Properties of Soil 11
2.3.1 The impact of mining on soil quality 14
2.4 Soil Erosion, Sediment Yield and Models Used in 19
Coalmines Area
2.5 Runoff Analysis 25
2.6 Soil Erosion: Preventive Measures 28
2.7 Critics of Review of Literature 31
III MATERIALS AND METHODS 33
3.1 Details of Study Area 33
3.1.1 Location 3 3
3.1.2 Agro-Climate 34
3.1.3 Agro-ecological region 36
3.1.4 Soils, topography and drainage 36
3.1.5 Cropping pattern 37
3.1.6 Land use 38
3.1.7 Sources of irrigation and area covered 38
3.1.8 Coal production of Chirimiri 38
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3.2 Collection and Analysis of Rainfall Data 39
3.3 Soil Sampling of Overburden Dump and Native Area 41
3.3.1 Sampling methodology 42
3.3.2 Soil laboratory analysis 42
- Mechanical analysis 43
- pH 43
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- Electrical conductivity 43
- Organic carbon 44
- Water holding capacity 45
- Available nitrogen 45
- Available phosphorus 45
- Available potassium 45
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3.4 Estimation of Soil Loss 46
3.5 Estimation of Surface Runoff 52
3.5.1 Calculation of Curve Number 53
3.6 Measurement of Sediment Load 53
3.6.1 Bottle sampling 53
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3.6.2 Estimation of sediment load
IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 56
4.1 Erosion Prone Area
4.2 Rainfall 56
4.3 Physico-Chemical Properties of Overburden Dump 60
4.3.1 Soil textural analysis 61
4.3.2 pH 61
4.3.3 Electrical conductivity 66
4.3.4 Organic carbon 69
4.3.5 Water holding capacity 70
4.3.6 Available nitrogen 71
4.3.7 Available phosphorus 74
4.3.8 Available potassium 77
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4.4 Assessment of Soil Erosion from Overburden Dumps 82
4.4.1 Direct measurement in the field 82
4.4.2 RUSLE model 91
4.5 Soil Erosion and Agricultural Productivity 95
4.6 Surface Runoff 95
4.7 Sediment Yield 99
4.8 Preventive/Reclamation Measures in Opencast Mines. 101

V SUMMERY AND CONCLUSION 108
SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH WORK 117
REFERENCE 119
APPENDIX 136
RESUME 141

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LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Caption Page No.

3.1 Sources of irrigation in the district and area covered (ha) as
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compared to state
3.2 Monthly Rainfall Data of the study area during past 23 years 40

3.3 Laboratory methods used for chemical analysis of soil 46

4.1 Year wise Pattern of Annual, Monsoon and Weakly Rainfall 57

4.2 Statistical parameters of weekly rainfall in study area 58

4.3 Textural Analysis of over burden dump materials at different 62
depths

4.4 Textural Analysis of native soil at different depths 63

4.5 Variation of pH values of overburden dump materials and 64
native soil samples

4.6 Variation of electrical conductivity values of overburden dump 66
materials and native soil samples

4.7 Organic carbon content of overburden dump materials and 68
native soil samples in different profile depths

4.8 Variation of water holding capacity values of Overburden 71
dump materials and Native soil samples

4.9 Variation of availability of nitrogen values of Overburden 73
dump materials and Native soil samples

4.10 Variation of availability of phosphorus values of overburden 76
dump material and native soil samples

4.11 Variation of availability of potassium values of overburden 79
dump materials and native soil samples

4.12 Physico-chemical properties of native soil samples 82

4.13 Physico-chemical properties of overburden dumps soil samples 83

4.14 Measured soil/sediment loss in overburden dump 87
4.15 Physico-chemical properties of sediment samples 88
4.16 Values of rainfall erosivity factor (R) 91
4.17 Values of soil erodibility factor (K) of different samples 91
4.18 Values for topography factor (LS) 93
4.19 Weekly estimated runoff by CN method and its variability 97
4.20 Sediment yield of incoming drainage effluent 99
4.21 Sediment yield of outgoing drainage effluent after filtration 99
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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Caption Page No.
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3.1 Location map of the study area
3.2 A view of soil texture classes used in the present study 44
3.3 Placing a plastic sheet at downstream side for sediment 51
collection
4.1 Rainfall runoff distribution in year 1992-2014 59
4.2 Soil classes of overburden dump materials and native soils 61
samples

4.3 pH value of native soil samples at different depths 64

4.4 pH value of overburden dump materials samples at different 65
depths

4.5 EC value of native soil samples at different depths 67

4.6 EC value of overburden dump materials samples at different 67
depths

4.7 Organic carbon content of native soil samples at different 69
depths

4.8 Organic carbon content of overburden dump material samples 70
at different depths

4.9 Water holding capacity of native soil samples at different depths 72

4.10 Water holding capacity of overburden dump material samples at 72
different depths

4.11 Nitrogen content of native soil samples at different depths 75

4.12 Nitrogen content of overburden dump material samples at 75
different depths

4.13 Phosphorus content of native soil samples at different depths 78
4.14 Phosphorus content of overburden dump material samples at 78
different depths
4.15 Potassium content of native soil samples at different depths 80

4.16 Potassium content of overburden dump material samples at 80
different depths

4.17 Placing a plastic sheet at downstream side in mine 81
4.18 Distribution of rainfall/runoff during monsoon season 96
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