Ice Physics and the Natural Environment PDF
Preview Ice Physics and the Natural Environment
NATO ASI Series Advanced Science Institutes Series A series presenting the results of activities sponsored by the NA TO Science Committee, which aims at the dissemination of advanced scientific and technological knowledge, with a view to strengthening links between scientific communities. The Series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with the NATO Scientific Affairs Division A Life Sciences Plenum Publishing Corporation B Physics London and New York C Mathematical and Physical Sciences Kluwer Academic Publishers D Behavioural and Social Sciences Dordrecht, Boston and London E Applied Sciences F Computer and Systems Sciences Springer-Verlag G Ecological Sciences Berlin Heidelberg New York H Cell Biology London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong I Global Environmental Change Barcelona Budapest PARTNERSHIP SUB-SERIES 1. Disarmament Technologies Kluwer Academic Publishers 2. Environment Springer-Verlag/Kluwer Acad. Publishers 3. High Technology Kluwer Academic Publishers 4. Science and Technology Policy Kluwer Academic Publishers 5. Computer Networking Kluwer Academic Publishers The Partnership Sub-Series incorporates activities undertaken in collaboration with NATO's Cooperation Partners, the countries of the CIS and Central and Eastern Europe, in Priority Areas of concern to those countries. NATO-PCO DATABASE The electronic index to the NATO ASI Series provides full bibliographical references (with keywords and/or abstracts) to about 50000 contributions from international scientists published in all sections of the NATO ASI Series. Access to the NATO-PCO DATABASE is possible via a CD-ROM "NATO Science & Technology Disk" with user-friendly retrieval software in English, French and German (© WN GmbH and DATAWARE Technologies Inc. 1992). The CD-ROM can be ordered through any member of the Board of Publishers or through NATO-PCO, Overijse, Belgium. Series I: Global Environmental Change, Vol. 56 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York Barcelona Hong Kong London Milan Paris Singapore Tokyo Ice Physics and the Natural Environment Edited by John S. Wettlaufer Applied Physics Laboratory and Department of Physics University of Washington Seattle, Washington 98105-5640, USA J. Gregory Dash Department of Physics University of Washington Seattle, Washington 98105-1560, USA Norbert Untersteiner Department of Atmospheric Sciences University of Washington Seattle, Washington 98105-1640, USA With 100 Figures and 7 Tables Springer Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop "Ice Physics in the Natural and Endangered Environment", held at Maratea, Italy, September 1997 Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied for Die Deuuc:hc Bibliolhck -CIP-Einheiluurnabme Ice phy • ..,. and I.IK nalunli environmenl : with 7 lable~ ; [pro<:Jeedings of the NATO Advanced Research Worksbop "J.;e "lLyMes in the N.cuul and Entbugcred Environment" held at Mllalea, lIaly, Septembl!l 19971 fed. byJ obn S. Weulaufcr ,. .P uM. in oooperation with NAW ScientifIC Affairs Division. -Ikrlin ; Heidelberg; New York ; Barcelona; Hong Kong; Loodon ; Milan; Plli~; Singapore; Tokyo: Springer, 1999 (NATO ASI ... rics: Scr. I, Glomi covirooUleDtal cbuge : '001. 56) ISDN 3-540-65\S5·\ ISBN-13: 978-3-642-64226-5 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-60030-2 001: 10.1007/978-3-642-60030-2 ThiS WOrk is slIbjectto copyright. All rights are reserved. whether lhe whole 00' part 01 the malerial is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinling, reuse 01 illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way. and storage in data banks. Duplication 01 this publication Or parts thereal is permilled only under the provisions of the German Copyright Lawol september 9, 1965, in its current version. and permission fOf usa must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. «> Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1999 Softcover reprint oft he hardcover 1 st edition 1999 Typesetting: Camera ready by the authorsfeditOfs Printed on aCid-free paper SPIN: 10571794 31/3137-543210 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The idea of an ice physics conference came about in March 1996, during a visit to Seattle by Professor John Nye of the University of Bristol. Professor Nye has had a renowned career applying physics to a wide range of topics ranging from optics to crystallography and glaciology, and his work has touched researchers in many de partments of the University of Washington. One of us (Untersteiner) worked with Nye previously, and the other two had recently published a review on the surface melting of ice and its environmental consequences. We were pleased the review was well received; as a number of people told us they appreciated its broad reach. Stimu lated by Professor Nye's visit, and a wonderful evening surrounding Krystyna Unter steiner's cooking, we began to think about a meeting on an extension of this general approach; that is, to explore ice phenomena, ranging from microphysics to its largest size scales and manifestations. In the next few days, we sketched the outlines of a meeting designed as a NATO Advanced Study Institute, with which Dash and Unter steiner had some experience years before as directors. We invited three eminent sci entists to join us on an Advisory Board: Professor Nye, Professor Krystof Birkenmajer from Krak6w, Poland, and Prof. Fiorenzo Ugolini of Florence, Italy. We then began to survey the interest of colleagues and the process of constructing a pro posal to the NATO Scientific and Environmental Affairs Division. The response was positive and we rushed to put the proposal together to meet the NATO deadline. We were informed in mid-December 1996 that the proposal would be supported and the organizational effort began to accelerate. In the eight months that followed, we an nounced the ASI, reviewed applications, organized the lecture program, designed the conference materials, developed the financial protocol and communicated with all those involved. None of this would have been possible without the hard work of Peggy Hartman, Suzan Huney, Dian Petersen and Agnes Sieger of the Applied Phys ics Laboratory. Ms. Hartman was involved in the difficult job of putting our rushed proposal together. Ms. Petersen built up the organizational edifice from the beginning of the effort, from, among many other things, maintaining the electronic communica tions with the participants, to designing the conference materials and putting together mailings. Ms. Huney administered the financial aspects of the ASI, and was an indis pensable on-site budget and organizational coordinator. Ms. Sieger provided her ex pertise in the difficult task of technical editing and typesetting for the volume. We are indebted to their hard work and to the administration of the Applied Physics Labora tory, Robert Spindel and John Harlett, Director and Deputy Director, for grants in kind of staff time and materials. Our sincere thanks go to the authors, lecturers and participants who constituted the Institute. Without the efforts of the authors to meet the deadlines, this volume would have been a never-ending project. The rather striking interdisciplinary nature of the Institute forced us to request that the lecturers provide both an up-to-date assessment of their fields for their disciplinary colleagues, and a broadly accessible overview for the nonspecialist. Although in principle this may be viewed as an unfair and unrealis- VI tic demand, the lecturers rose to the occasion and infused the Institute with a spirit of cooperation as well as an equally important and lively sense of scrutiny. We think this shines through in the present volume. We would like to thank the referees, many of whom were mailed manuscripts from the Institute venue, for their invaluable con tribution to the success of the project. It is difficult to ask a busy colleague to review manuscripts of this nature, yet everyone was both receptive and timely, making our editorial work dramatically less burdensome. Finally, we thank the NATO Scientific and Environmental Affairs Division for the grant that supported the travel and subsistence expenses for the lecturers, the subsidies for the participants, and other expenses of the Institute. We owe sincere thanks to Dr. L. Veiga da Cunha, Director of the NATO ASI Program. Without Dr. Veiga da Cunha's prompt, courteous and simple administrative style, our work would have been less pleasurable and certainly less efficient. We also thank the Tourist Office of the Regione Basilicata for providing additional funds that were used for Institute ex penses, and for arranging special entertainment at the end of the first week. The Na tional Science Foundation and the Office of Naval Research also provided funds to assist in the support of travel and subsistence. In particular, we would like to thank Dr. J. DeCorpo from the ONR for his timely response to our request for support. The choice of the location of the Institute in Acquafredda di Maratea, Italy (about 150 km south of Naples) is primarily due to the fact that one of us (Untersteiner) had Directed an ASI there in 1981, and had such a high opinion of the geography of the region and the staff of the Hotel Villa Del Mare, directed by Mr. A. Guzzardi. Our experience was no different and although the days were long, we were fortunate to enjoy superb hospitality and professional service from the hotel staff, and we would particularly like to thank Ms. Maria Armiento, Ms. Velia Filizzola and Mr. Guzzardi. J.S. Wettlaufer, J.G. Dash and N. Untersteiner Seattle, July 1998 Contents Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1 J. S. Wettlaufer Part 1 Chapters History of the Search for a Theory of Melting ........................................................... 11 J. G. Dash Nucleation and Surface Melting ofIce ................... .............................. ...................... 23 David W. Oxtoby Crystal Growth, Surface Phase Transitions and Thennomolecular Pressure ............. 39 J. S. Wettlaufer Some Aspects of the Physics of Glaciers .................................................................... 69 W. S. B. Paterson Stable Isotope Records from Greenland Deep Ice Cores: The Climate Signal and the Role of Diffusion .................................................................................................. 89 SigfUs J. Johnson, H B. Clausen, Jean Jouzel, Jakob Schwander, Amy E. Sveinbjornsd6ttir, James White Present and Past Glaciations: A Geological Perspective ............................................ 109 Krzysztof Birkenmajer Ice in the Troposphere ................................................................................................ 121 M B. Baker VIII Physico-Chemistry of Polar Stratospheric Clouds ...................................................... 14 3 Thomas Peter A Minimal Model of Sea Ice and Climate .................................................................. 169 Alan Thorndike Forecasting Ice on Lakes, Estuaries and Shelf Seas ................................................... 185 Anders Omstedt On Productivity in Ice-Covered Polar Oceans Ole Jergen Lenne ........................................................................................................ 209 The Freezing of Soils: Ice in a Porous Medium and Its Environmental Significance ............................................................................................................... 219 Peter J. Williams Ground Freezing Technology for Environmental Remediation ................................. 241 J. G. Dash Nuclear Contamination and Environmental Damage from Oil Spills in Polar Regions ofFSU ................................................................................................. 253 Lydia Popova Part 2 Lecture Notes Lecture Notes on Water in Ice: Microscopic and Geophysical Scales ....................... 273 JohnNye Part 3 Articles Local Ice Deformation Under the Influence of Natural Forces: Field Observations and Analyses of Cyclic Oscillations ............................................ 281 Yevgeny Aksenov, Peter Wadhams Corrugations of the Sea-Ice-Ocean Interface Caused by Ocean Shear ...................... 285 Daniel L. Feltham, M Grae Worster IX Climatic Changes in the Mountain Glacier Area ofPamir ......................................... 289 Alexander Finaev Geometric Selection in Ice Polycrystals: Concavity, Faceting, and Kinetics ............. 295 V. A. Hodgkin, J.s. Wettlaufer, J. G. Dash Snowpack Accumulation Trends in Califomia ........................................................... 299 Tammy Johnson, Jeff Dozier, Joel Michaelsen Neutron Spectroscopy of Vapour Deposited Amorphous Ice .................................... 305 A. I Kolesnikov, J.-c. Li Comet 46P/Wirtanen: The Influence of Grain Sintering on the Evoluation of the Subsurface Layer .............................................................................................. 309 Konrad J. Kossacki, Slawomira Szutowicz Water Ice as the Main Component of Icy Satellites ................................................... 315 Jacek Leliwa-Kopystynski Surface Melting ofIce and Thunderstorm Electrification .......................................... 321 B. L. Mason, J. G. Dash A Mathematical Model of Wide Subglacial Water Drainage Channels ..................... 325 FelixNg High Uptake Efficiency and Conductivity of Poly crystalline Ice: Implication to UTILS Clouds and Contrails ...................................................................................... 329 N. V. Persiantseva, o.B. Popovitcheva, TV. Rakhimova Methane Bubble Inclusions in Ice on High Latitude Lakes Allan R. Phelps, Martin 0. Jeffries ............................................................................ 335 Modelling Sea Ice Roughness in the Arctic ................................................................ 341 N. Steiner, M Harder, P. Lemke Dynamical Calculations for the Proton Ordered Ice II Structure ............................... 347 Y. Wang, S. L. Dong, J-c. Li Subject Index .......................................................................................................... 351 PARTICIPANTS Yevgeny Aksenov Enrique Ricardo Batista University of Cambridge University of Washington Scott Polar Research Institute Department of Physics Lensfield Road Box 351560 Cambridge CB2 IER Seattle, WA 98195-1560 U.K. USA Todd Arbetter KrzysztofBirkenmajer University of Colorado Polish Academy of Sciences Dept. of Aerospace Engineering Sci Institute of Geological Sciences ence Senacka 3 Campus Box 429 Krakow 31-002 Boulder, CO 80309-0429 Poland USA Ido Braslavsky Nicole Audiffren Weizmann Institute of Science LAMP Dept. of Physics of Complex Systems 94, Av. des Landais Rehovot 76100 Aubere 635177 Israel France Kurt Cuffey Neil Bacon University of Washington University of Washington Dept. Geological Sciences Department of Physics Box 351310 Box 351560 Seattle, WA 98195-1310 Seattle, WA 98195 USA USA Benjamin Demirdjian Ian Baker CRMC2-CNRS Dartmouth College Campus de luminy Thayer School of Engineering Case 913 Hanover, NH 03755 13288 Marseille Cedex 9 USA France Marcia Baker John Dempsey University of Washington Clarkson University Geophysics Program Department of Civil Box 351650 & Environmental Engineering Seattle, WA 98198 Potsdam, NY 13699-5710 USA USA
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