ICE manual of geotechnical engineering v1

722 Pages·2012·55.991 MB·English

by  Burland, J. B., Chapman, Tim

ICE manual of
geotechnical engineering
Copyright © ICE Publishing, all rights reserved.
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Copyright © ICE Publishing, all rights reserved.
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ICE manual of
geotechnical engineering
Volume I
Geotechnical Engineering Principles,
Problematic Soils and Site Investigation
Edited by
John Burland
Imperial College London, UK
Tim Chapman
Arup Geotechnics, UK
Hilary Skinner
Donaldson Associates Ltd, UK
Michael Brown
University of Dundee, UK
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Published by ICE Publishing, 40 Marsh Wall, London E14 9TP, UK
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First published 2012
Future titles in the ICE Manuals series from ICE Publishing
ICE manual of structural design
ICE manual of project management
Currently available in the ICE Manual series from ICE Publishing
ICE manual of bridge engineering – second edition. 978-0-7277-3452-5
ICE manual of construction materials – two volume set. 978-0-7277-3597-3
ICE manual of health and safety in construction. 978-0-7277-4056-4
ICE manual of construction law. 978-0-7277-4087-8
ICE manual of highway design and management. 978-0-7277-4111-0
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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN: 978-0-7277-5707-4 (volume I)
ISBN: 978-0-7277-5709-8 (volume II)
ISBN: 978-0-7277-3652-9 (two volume set)
© Institution of Civil Engineers 2012
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Contents
Volume I 5.3 Geotechnical modelling 29
5.4 Comparisons between structural and geotechnical modelling 30
Foreword and endorsement xi 5.5 Ground–structure interaction 31
5.6 Conclusions 33
Preface xiii 5.7 References 33
List of contributors xv Chapter 6: Computer analysis principles in geotechnical
engineering 35
SECTION 1: Context 1 D. Potts and L. Zdravkovic
Section Editor: J. B. Burland and W. Powrie 6.1 General 35
6.2 Theoretical classifi cation of analysis methods 35
Chapter 1: Introduction to Section 1 3 6.3 Closed form solutions 37
J. B. Burland and W. Powrie 6.4 Classical methods of analysis 37
6.5 Numerical analysis 38
6.6 Overview of the fi nite element method 40
Chapter 2: Foundations and other geotechnical elements
6.7 Element discretisation 40
in context – their role 5 6.8 Nonlinear fi nite element analysis 43
J. B. Burland and T. Chapman 6.9 Modelling of structural members in plane
2.1 Geotechnical elements in the context of the rest of the whole structure 5 strain analysis 50
2.2 Key requirements for all geotechnical elements 6 6.10 Some pitfalls with the Mohr–Coulomb model 54
2.3 Interaction with other professionals 6 6.11 Summary 56
2.4 Design lives for geotechnical elements 7 6.12 References 56
2.5 The geotechnical design and construction cycle 8
2.6 Common factors associated with geotechnical success 9 Chapter 7: Geotechnical risks and their context
2.7 References 10
for the whole project 59
T. Chapman
Chapter 3: A brief history of the development of geotechnical
engineering 11 7.1 Introduction 59
J. B. Burland 7.2 Motivation of developers 59
7.3 Government guidance on ‘optimism bias’ 61
3.1 Introduction 11 7.4 Typical frequency and cost of ground-related problems 64
3.2 Geotechnical engineering in the early 20th century 11 7.5 Expect the unexpected 65
3.3 Terzaghi, father of geotechnical engineering 12 7.6 Importance of site investigation 65
3.4 The impact of soil mechanics on structural and civil engineering 14 7.7 Costs and benefi ts of site investigation 67
3.5 Conclusions 14 7.8 Mitigation not contingency 68
3.6 References 15 7.9 Mitigation steps 68
7.10 Example 70
Chapter 4: The geotechnical triangle 17 7.11 Conclusions 70
J. B. Burland 7.12 References 72
4.1 Introduction 17
4.2 The ground profi le 18 Chapter 8: Health and safety in geotechnical
4.3 The measured or observed behaviour of the ground 18 engineering 75
4.4 Appropriate model 18 D. Ranner and T. Suckling
4.5 Empirical procedures and experience 19 8.1 Introduction 75
4.6 Summary of the geotechnical triangle 19 8.2 An introduction to the legislation 75
4.7 Re-visiting the underground car park at the Palace of Westminster 19 8.3 Hazards 76
4.8 Concluding remarks 26 8.4 Risk assessment 79
4.9 References 26 8.5 References 80
Chapter 5: Structural and geotechnical modelling 27
Chapter 9: Foundation design decisions 83
J. B. Burland
A. S. O’Brien and J. B. Burland
5.1 Introduction 27
5.2 Structural modelling 27 9.1 Introduction 83
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ice | manuals Contents – volume I
9.2 Foundation selection 83 15.3 Hydrostatic conditions for pore water pressures 163
9.3 A holistic approach to foundation engineering 87 15.4 Artesian conditions 164
9.4 Keeping the geotechnical triangle in balance – ground 15.5 Underdrainage 164
risk management 90 15.6 Conditions above the water table 165
9.5 Foundation applications 96 15.7 In-situ horizontal effective stresses 165
9.6 Conclusions 103 15.8 Summary 165
9.7 References 104 15.9 References 166
Chapter 10: Codes and standards and their relevance 105 Chapter 16: Groundwater fl ow 167
T. Orr W. Powrie
10.1 Introduction 105 16.1 Darcy’s Law 167
10.2 Statutory framework, objectives and status of codes 16.2 Hydraulic conductivity (permeability) 168
and standards 105 16.3 Calculation of simple fl ow regimes 169
10.3 Benefi ts of codes and standards 106 16.4 More complex fl ow regimes 171
10.4 Development of codes and standards for geotechnical 16.5 Groundwater control for stability of excavations 171
engineering 107 16.6 Transient fl ow 173
10.5 Why geotechnical and structural codes and standards differ 108 16.7 Summary 173
10.6 The geotechnical design triangle 111 16.8 References 174
10.7 Safety elements adopted in Eurocode 7 112
10.8 Relationship between the geotechnical design triangle and the
geotechnical triangle 113 Chapter 17: Strength and deformation behaviour of soils 175
10.9 Codes and standards for geotechnical engineering 113 J. B. Burland
10.10 Conclusions 123
17.1 Introduction 175
10.11 References 124
17.2 Analysis of stress 175
17.3 The drained strength of soils 177
Chapter 11: Sustainable geotechnics 125 17.4 The undrained strength of clay soils 181
H. Pantelidou, D. Nicholson and A. Gaba 17.5 The Mohr–Coulomb strength criterion 183
17.6 Choice of strength parameters for analysis and design 184
11.1 Introduction 125
17.7 The compressibility of soils 184
11.2 Sustainability objectives – background 125
17.8 The stress–strain behaviour of soils 186
11.3 Geotechnical sustainability themes 128
17.9 Conclusions 191
11.4 Sustainability in geotechnical practice 134
17.10 References 193
11.5 Summary 135
11.6 References 135
Chapter 18: Rock behaviour 195
D. J. Sanderson
SECTION 2: Fundamental principles 137
Section Editor: W. Powrie and J. B. Burland 18.1 Rocks 195
18.2 Classifi cation of rocks 195
18.3 Rock composition 196
Chapter 12: Introduction to Section 2 139 18.4 Porosity, saturation and unit weight 196
W. Powrie and J. B. Burland 18.5 Stresses and loads 197
18.6 Rock rheology 197
18.7 Elasticity and rock stiffness 198
Chapter 13: The ground profi le and its genesis 141 18.8 Poroelasticity 200
M. H. de Freitas 18.9 Failure and rock strength 200
18.10 Strength testing 202
13.1 Overview 141 18.11 Behaviour of discontinuities 203
13.2 The ground profi le 141 18.12 Permeability 203
13.3 Importance of a profi le 143 18.13 Fracture-controlled permeability 204
13.4 The formation of a profi le 145 18.14 Rock mass characterisation 204
13.5 Investigating a profi le 148 18.15 Rock tunnelling quality index, Q 205
13.6 Joining profi les 150 18.16 Anisotropy 205
13.7 Interpreting profi les 150 18.17 References 206
13.8 Conclusions 151
13.9 References 152
Chapter 19: Settlement and stress distributions 207
J. B. Burland
Chapter 14: Soils as particulate materials 153
J. B. Burland 19.1 Introduction 207
19.2 Total, undrained and consolidation settlement 207
14.1 Introduction 153 19.3 Stress changes beneath loaded areas 208
14.2 Phase relationships 153 19.4 Summary of methods of settlement prediction for clay soils 212
14.3 A simple base friction apparatus 154 19.5 Elastic displacement theory 214
14.4 Soil particles and their arrangements 156 19.6 Theoretical accuracy of settlement predictions 216
14.5 The concept of effective stress in fully saturated soils 158 19.7 Undrained settlement 218
14.6 The mechanistic behaviour of unsaturated soils 160 19.8 Settlement on granular soils 218
14.7 Conclusions 161 19.9 Summary 219
14.8 References 161 19.10 References 220
Chapter 15: Groundwater profi les and effective stresses 163 Chapter 20: Earth pressure theory 221
W. Powrie W. Powrie
15.1 Importance of pore pressure and effective 20.1 Introduction 221
stress profi les 163 20.2 Simple active and passive limits 221
15.2 Geostatic vertical total stress 163 20.3 Effects of wall friction (adhesion) 224
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Contents – volume I ice | manuals
20.4 In-service conditions 225 Chapter 27: Geotechnical parameters and safety factors 297
20.5 Summary 226 J. B. Burland, T. Chapman, P. Morrison and S. Pennington
20.6 References 226
27.1 Introduction 297
27.2 Overall consideration of risk 299
Chapter 21: Bearing capacity theory 227 27.3 Geotechnical parameters 300
W. Powrie 27.4 Factors of safety, partial factors and design parameters 303
27.5 Concluding remark 306
21.1 Introduction 227
27.6 References 306
21.2 Bearing capacity equation for vertical load – empirical
adjustments for shape and depth 227
21.3 Inclined loading 228
SECTION 3: Problematic soils and their issues 309
21.4 Offset loading 229
21.5 Combined vertical, horizontal and moment (V–H–M ) loading Section Editor: I. Jefferson
interaction diagram for a surface foundation 229
21.6 Summary 230
21.7 References 230 Chapter 28: Introduction to Section 3 311
I. Jefferson
Chapter 22: Behaviour of single piles under vertical loads 231
J. B. Burland
Chapter 29: Arid soils 313
22.1 Introduction 231
A. C. D. Royal
22.2 Basic load–settlement behaviour 231
22.3 Traditional approach to estimating the axial capacity of piles 29.1 Introduction 313
in clay 233 29.2 Arid climates 314
22.4 Shaft friction of piles in clay, in terms of effective stress 235 29.3 Geomorphology of arid soils and the effect of geomorphic
22.5 Piles in granular materials 241 processes on the geotechnical properties
22.6 Overall conclusions 244 of arid soils 315
22.7 References 245 29.4 Aspects of the geotechnical behaviour of arid soils 329
29.5 Engineering in problematic arid soil conditions 333
29.6 Concluding comments 336
Chapter 23: Slope stability 247
29.7 References 337
E. N. Bromhead
23.1 Factors affecting the stability and instability of natural
and engineered slopes 247 Chapter 30: Tropical soils 341
23.2 Modes and types of failure commonly encountered 248 D. G. Toll
23.3 Methods of analysis for slopes, exploring their limitations 30.1 Introduction 341
of applicability 249 30.2 Controls on the development of tropical soils 343
23.4 Rectifi cation of unstable slopes 253 30.3 Engineering issues 347
23.5 Factors of safety in slope engineering 255 30.4 Concluding remarks 358
23.6 Post-failure investigations 256 30.5 References 359
23.7 References 257
Chapter 31: Glacial soils 363
Chapter 24: Dynamic and seismic loading of soils 259
B. Clarke
J. Priest
31.1 Introduction 363
24.1 Introduction 259
31.2 Geological processes 363
24.2 Wave propagation in soil 260
31.3 Features of glacial soils 369
24.3 Dynamic measurement techniques 261
31.4 Geotechnical classifi cation 373
24.4 Dynamic soil properties 262
31.5 Geotechnical properties 375
24.5 Liquefaction of soils 266
31.6 Routine investigations 383
24.6 Summary of key points 267
31.7 Developing the ground model and design profi le 383
24.7 References 269
31.8 Earthworks 386
31.9 Concluding comments 387
Chapter 25: The role of ground improvement 271 31.10 References 387
C. D. F. Rogers
25.1 Introduction 271 Chapter 32: Collapsible soils 391
25.2 Understanding the ground 272 I. Jefferson and C. D. F. Rogers
25.3 Removal of water 272
25.4 Improvement of soils by mechanical means 275 32.1 Introduction 391
25.5 Improvement of soils by chemical means 277 32.2 Where are collapsible soils found? 392
25.6 References 280 32.3 What controls collapsible behaviour? 394
32.4 Investigation and assessment 398
32.5 Key engineering issues 403
Chapter 26: Building response to ground movements 281 32.6 Concluding remarks 407
J. B. Burland 32.7 References 407
26.1 Introduction 281
26.2 Defi nitions of ground and foundation movement 281
Chapter 33: Expansive soils 413
26.3 Classifi cation of damage 282
L. D. Jones and I. Jefferson
26.4 Routine guides on limiting deformations of buildings 283
26.5 Concept of limiting tensile strain 284 33.1 What is an expansive soil? 413
26.6 Strains in simple rectangular beams 284 33.2 Why are they problematic? 413
26.7 Ground movement due to tunnelling and excavation 287 33.3 Where are expansive soils found? 414
26.8 Evaluation of risk of damage to buildings due to subsidence 292 33.4 Shrink–swell behaviour 416
26.9 Protective measures 294 33.5 Engineering issues 418
26.10 Conclusions 295 33.6 Conclusions 438
26.11 References 295 33.7 References 438
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ice | manuals Contents – volume I
Chapter 34: Non-engineered fi lls 443 Chapter 41: Man-made hazards and obstructions 555
F. G. Bell, M. G. Culshaw and H. D. Skinner J. Davis and C. Edmonds
34.1 Introduction 443 41.1 Introduction 555
34.2 Problematic characteristics 443 41.2 Mining 555
34.3 Classifi cation, mapping and description of 41.3 Contamination 562
artifi cial ground 444 41.4 Archaeology 562
34.4 Types of non-engineered fi ll 446 41.5 Ordnance and unexploded ordnance (UXO) 563
34.5 Conclusions 458 41.6 Buried obstructions and structures 563
34.6 Acknowledgements 458 41.7 Services 564
34.7 References 458 41.8 References 564
Chapter 35: Organics/peat soils 463 Chapter 42: Roles and responsibilities 567
E. R. Farrell J. Cook
35.1 Introduction 463 42.1 Introduction to site investigation guides 567
35.2 Nature of peats and organic soils 463 42.2 CDM regulations (2007), corporate manslaughter and
35.3 Characterisation of peats and organic soils 465 health and safety 569
35.4 Compressibility of peats and organic soils 467 42.3 Corporate manslaughter 570
35.5 Shear strength of peats and organic soils 471 42.4 Health and safety 570
35.6 Critical design issues in peats and organic soils 473 42.5 Conditions of engagement 570
35.7 Conclusions 476 42.6 When should a ground investigation be carried out? 571
35.8 References 477 42.7 Consultants and ground investigations 572
42.8 Underground services and utilities 574
42.9 Contamination 574
Chapter 36: Mudrocks, clays and pyrite 481
42.10 Footnote 575
M. A. Czerewko and J. C. Cripps
42.11 Disclaimer 575
36.1 Introduction 481 42.12 References 575
36.2 Controls on mudrock behaviour 484
36.3 Engineering properties and performance 495
Chapter 43: Preliminary studies 577
36.4 Engineering considerations 509
V. Hope
36.5 Conclusions 512
36.6 References and further reading 513 43.1 Scope of this guidance 577
43.2 Why do a preliminary geotechnical study? 577
43.3 What goes into a preliminary geotechnical study? 578
Chapter 37: Sulfate/acid soils 517
43.4 Who should write a preliminary geotechnical study? 579
J. M. Reid
43.5 Who should read a preliminary study report? 579
37.1 Introduction and key background information 517 43.6 How to get started: sources of
37.2 Sulfur compounds in soils and rocks 518 information in the UK 579
37.3 Sampling and testing for sulfur compounds 523 43.7 Using the internet 581
37.4 Specifi c problems and how to assess them 526 43.8 The site walkover survey 581
37.5 Conclusions 531 43.9 Writing the report 582
37.6 References 531 43.10 Summary 582
43.11 References 582
Chapter 38: Soluble ground 533
T. Waltham Chapter 44: Planning, procurement and management 585
T. Chapman and A. Harwood
38.1 Introduction 533
38.2 Soluble ground and karst 533 44.1 Overview 585
38.3 Infl uences on the geohazard of limestone karst 534 44.2 Planning the ground investigation 585
38.4 Engineering works on soil-covered limestones 536 44.3 Procuring the site investigation 593
38.5 Engineering works on limestone bedrock 537 44.4 Managing the site investigation 598
38.6 Ground investigation and assessment of karst 540 44.5 References 600
38.7 Geohazards on gypsum terrains 541
38.8 Geohazards in salt terrains 541
Chapter 45: Geophysical exploration and remote sensing 601
38.9 Karst geohazards on sabkha 543
J. M. Reynolds
38.10 Acknowledgements 544
38.11 References 544 45.1 Introduction 601
45.2 The role of geophysics 601
45.3 Surface geophysics 603
SECTION 4: Site investigation 547
45.4 Potential fi eld methods 604
Section Editor: A. Bracegirdle 45.5 Electrical methods 606
45.6 Electro magnetic (EM) methods 607
45.7 Seismic methods 609
Chapter 39: Introduction to Section 4 549
45.8 Borehole geophysics 614
A. Bracegirdle 45.9 Remote sensing 614
45.10 References 618
Chapter 40: The ground as a hazard 551
J. A. Skipper Chapter 46: Ground exploration 619
J. Davis
40.1 Introduction 551
40.2 Ground hazards in the UK 552 46.1 Introduction 619
40.3 Predicting what the ground may 46.2 Techniques 619
have in store 553 46.3 Excavation techniques 619
40.4 Geological maps 553 46.4 Probing techniques 620
40.5 Conclusions 554 46.5 Drilling techniques 620
40.6 References 554 46.6 In situ testing in boreholes 623
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Contents – volume I ice | manuals
46.7 Monitoring installations 624 49.3 The parameters and associated test types 668
46.8 Other considerations 626 49.4 Index tests 668
46.9 Standards 626 49.5 Strength 670
46.10 References 627 49.6 Stiffness 674
49.7 Compressibility 677
49.8 Permeability 679
Chapter 47: Field geotechnical testing 629
49.9 Non-standard and dynamic tests 679
J. J. M. Powell and C. R. I. Clayton
49.10 Test certifi cates and results 680
47.1 Introduction 629 49.11 Sampling methods 681
47.2 Penetration testing 630 49.12 Bulk samples 681
47.3 Loading and shear tests 640 49.13 Block samples 682
47.4 Groundwater testing 648 49.14 Tube samples 682
47.5 References 650 49.15 Rotary core samples 684
49.16 Transport 685
49.17 The testing laboratory 685
Chapter 48: Geo-environmental testing 653
49.18 References 686
N. Langdon, C. Lee and J. Strange
48.1 Introduction 653
Chapter 50: Geotechnical reporting 689
48.2 Philosophy 653
H. Scholes and P. Smith
48.3 Sampling 654
48.4 Testing methods 656 50.1 Factual reporting 689
48.5 Data processing 659 50.2 Electronic data 693
48.6 Quality assurance 661 50.3 Interpretative reporting 695
48.7 References 663 50.4 Other geotechnical reports 695
50.5 Reporting production and timescale 696
50.6 References 697
Chapter 49: Sampling and laboratory testing 667
C. S. Russell
Index to volumes I and II 699
49.1 Introduction 667
49.2 Construction design requirements for sampling and
testing 667
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