Ibrahim Ahmed Final dissertation

93 Pages·2013·1.39 MB·English

INVESTIGATION OF RAINWATER HARVESTING
TECHNIQUES IN YATTA DISTRICT, KENYA

IBRAHIM AHMED IBRAHIM
ABDELFADEEL
MASTER OF SCIENCE
(Research Methods)

JOMO KENYATTA UNIVERSITY OF
AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

2012
Evaluation of Rainwater Harvesting Techniques in Yatta District, Kenya

Ibrahim Ahmed Ibrahim Abdelfadeeel

A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the Degree of Master of Science in
Research Methods in the Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology
(JKUAT)

2012
DECLARATION

This dissertation is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in this or any
other university. The work of others used in this study has been duly acknowledged.

Signature…................................................ Date………….……......................................
Ibrahim Ahmed Ibrahim

This Dissertation is submitted with Our Knowledge and Evaluated under Our Guidance as
Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture And Technology And University of Nairobi,
Upper Kabete Campus.
We declare that, this dissertation is from the student‟s own work and effort and where he
has used other sources of information, it has been acknowledged.

Signature…...................................... Date….……...................................
Dr. R. N. Onwonga
University of Nairobi, Kenya

Signature….................................................. Date………….……............................

Dr. David M.Mburu
JKUAT, Kenya
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I cannot start without praising God. God, thank you for keeping me inspired and
courageous to go through all this work.
And my sincere thanks go to Dr. R. N. Onwonga and Dr. David M. Mburu, my research
advisors, who accorded me genuine encouragement and support to complete the study.
They spent a lot of time to go through the project and make necessary correction as and
when needed.
I am very grateful to the Regional Universities Forum for Capacity Building in Agriculture
(RUFORUM) for giving me this opportunity and above all granting me the financial
support needed to complete this study.
Oh! Mom and Dad I love you both. I don‟t have a word to thank you for being there for me
in all my needs and helped me out in every aspect of my life. Thanking you is the least I
can say.
My special thanks also go to the Dean of the faculty of Agriculture –JKUAT and all the
staff in the department of horticulture; for the moral and every support they gave me.
Finally yet importantly, i thank all people including farmers in Yatta district who helped me
during the study. Their willingness and cooperation meant a lot for me. To the many people
who contributed to the realization of this thesis, lack of mention by name or otherwise does
not in any way imply that your deserved contributions is not recognized! I do appreciate
your contribution and to all of you, it is a big thank you.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.......................................................................................................... iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................ v
ACRONYMS ............................................................................................................................. x
ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................. xi
CHAPTER ONE ......................................................................................................................... 1
1.0 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background ........................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Problem statement ................................................................................................................. 3
1.3 Overall objective ................................................................................................................... 3
1.3.1 Specific objectives:............................................................................................................. 3
1.4. Significance of the Study ...................................................................................................... 4
1.5. Research questions: .............................................................................................................. 4
1.6 Justification ........................................................................................................................... 5
CHAPTER TWO ........................................................................................................................ 6
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................................................................................... 6
2.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 6
2.2 Water harvesting techniques .................................................................................................. 6
2.2.1 Floodwater Harvesting ....................................................................................................... 7
2.2.2 Groundwater Harvesting ..................................................................................................... 8
2.2.3 Rainwater harvesting ........................................................................................................ 11
2.3 Factors influencing adoption of rainwater harvesting techniques .......................................... 14
2.3.1 Rainfall and land use ........................................................................................................ 14
2.3.2 Topography, Soil type and soil depth, Hydrology and water resources .............................. 15
2.3.3 Socio-economic and infrastructure conditions ................................................................... 15
2.3.4 Climate, land and ecology ................................................................................................ 16
2.3.5 Availability of assets ........................................................................................................ 17
2.3.6 Livelihood strategies ........................................................................................................ 17
2.3.7 Environmental and ecological impacts .............................................................................. 18
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2.4 Climate change and Rainwater ............................................................................................ 18
2.4.1 Climate Change and Water Resources for Agriculture ...................................................... 20
2.4.2 Anticipated impacts of climate change on agricultural water resources.............................. 21
2.4.3 Conflicts over water resources .......................................................................................... 22
2.4.4 Adaptation Strategies ....................................................................................................... 23
CHAPTER THREE .................................................................................................................. 26
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS ......................................................................................... 26
3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 26
3.2 Study area ........................................................................................................................... 26
3.3 Study approach ................................................................................................................... 27
3.3.1 Research Design ............................................................................................................... 27
3.3.2 Identification of the targeted population............................................................................ 27
3.3.3 Sample size determination ................................................................................................ 27
3.3.4 Sample size ...................................................................................................................... 28
3.3.5 Sampling procedure .......................................................................................................... 28
3.3.6 Data collection instruments .............................................................................................. 28
3.3.7 Pilot testing ...................................................................................................................... 29
3.4 Data analysis and presentation ............................................................................................. 29
3.4.1 Logit model ...................................................................................................................... 29
CHAPTER FOUR..................................................................................................................... 33
4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .......................................................................................... 33
4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 33
4.2 Response rate ...................................................................................................................... 33
4.3 Characterization of water harvesting techniques in Yatta district .......................................... 33
4.3.1 Water harvesting techniques practiced by households ....................................................... 33
4.3.2 Preference and rating of adopted water harvesting techniques ........................................... 35
4.4. Proportion and use of harvested water ................................................................................ 36
4.4.1. Proportion of harvested water .......................................................................................... 36
4.4.2. Reasons of applying the different techniques ................................................................... 37
4.2 Factors affecting adoption of water harvesting techniques among households ...................... 39
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4.2.1 Farmers awareness ........................................................................................................... 39
4.2.2 Source of information ....................................................................................................... 40
4.2.3 Difference of ages and the use of water harvesting techniques .......................................... 41
4.2.4 Organizational involvement .............................................................................................. 42
4.2.5 Conflicts on water use ...................................................................................................... 44
4.2.6 Evaluation of factors that influence adoption of water harvesting techniques..................... 45
4.3 Effect of climate change on water resources and mitigation measures in Yatta district ......... 49
4.3.1 Awareness of changes on water resources ......................................................................... 49
4.3.2 Coping with water unavailability due to the effect of climate change ................................ 51
4.3.3 Expected changes from rainfall, floods, temperature and droughts .................................... 54
4.3.4 The severe periods of water shortage ................................................................................ 56
5.0 CHAPTER FIVE ................................................................................................................ 57
5.1 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION .................................................................... 57
REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................... 61
Appendixes ............................................................................................................................... 70
Appendix 1: Tables and figures ................................................................................................. 70
Appendix2: The Questionnaires ................................................................................................ 75

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page

Figure 1: Farmers‟ perception about organization that helping the community in the setting
up of water harvesting techniques. ................................................................................ 42
Figure 2: Conflicts among farmers on water use ........................................................... 44

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LIST OF APPENDIXES
Appendix Page
Appendix 1: Tables and figures ..................................................................................... 70
Appendix2: The questionnaires ..................................................................................... 75

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ACRONYMS

RELMA Regional Land Management Unit
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development
MCDF Marxist Communist Discussion Forum
NACO National Aids Control Organization
NGOs Non-governmental Organizations
UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund
RWHT Rainwater Harvesting Techniques
RWH Rainwater harvesting
FWH Flood water harvesting
GWH Ground water harvesting

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