I Addis Ababa University College of Law and Governance Studies LLM Program in Human Rights

171 Pages·2017·16.77 MB·English

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Date: 22June1998
Re,: Approval of corrections in MA Theses.
To: Prof Theodros Solomon
Dean, School of Graduate Studies
From: Dr. Theo van der Loop
ISS Resident Representative, AAU
This is to COnfi1l11 that the following students have incorporated the corrections suggested by the
respective examination committees in their MA Theses to the approval of the respective advisors:
I. Berhanu Temesgen Eshetu
2. Dessale Ayalew Gebre
3, Fenta Mandefro Abate
4. Gebre Assefa Habane
5. Nibretu Kebede Desta
6. Sisay Zerfu Segne
7. Tiruwork Tizazu Liyew
8. Yohannes Zelalem Mengistu
Thank you,
ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES
DEPARTMENT OF REGIOnaL AND LOCAL DEVELOPMENT
STUDIES
THE ROLE OF EDUCATION IN PROMOTING BALANCED
DEVELOPMENT IN ETHIOPIA: WITH PARTICULAR
EMPHASIS ON THE CASE OF OROMIA REGION
A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF
THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTERS OF
ARTS IN REGIONAL AND LOCAL DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
BY
GEBRE ASSEFA
JUNE, 1998
ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY
School of Graduate Studies
The Role of Education in Promoting Balanced Development in Ethiopia:
With Particular Emphasis on the Case of Oromia Region
By
Gebre Assefa Hebane
Faculty of Business and Economics
Approval by Board of Examiners:
Dr. Zewdie Shibre
Advisor
Mr. Wim Olthof
Examiner
Ato Ayalew Shibeshi
Examiner
ill
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Thanks is deserved by many people who have been of great
assistance in the process of this work. But for the sake of
mentioning only the few prominent ones, primarily I would like
to thank Dr. Zewdie Shibre whose valuable suggestions, comments
and encouragement has facilitated my progress .
Special thanks is due to Ato Amanuel Assefa who has taken
the pain of editing and printing the document; and Ato Yohannes
Zelalem and Ato Tegegne Nuresu who helped me in gathering some
of the materials .
IV
ABSTRACT
Human capital formation particularly in the field of
Education has long been considered as an important factor in
development be it social or economic. But when we talk of
development the balance between regions, balance in the service
of education itself, balance between urban and rural areas and
between the genders should be taken into consideration. In
this work the role of education in the balanced development of
Ethiopia is dealt with. Oromia region is also taken as a case
study among regions . Thus, primarily, whether education has
contributed to development in the country is dealt with and
adjoined to it whether the achieved development is balanced or
not is the focus of this work.
Accordingly, both primary and secondary data are collected
and dealt with in view of education and development in
Ethiopia. The result of the analyses shows that although the
existing education was better than no education, as there was
no practicable education sector strategy for the development of
the country, the goal that could have been reached is far from
being achieved. Moreover the result of the study shows that as
there was a disparity in the educational supply, this is
consequently reflected in the meager achievement it has got on
development. Consequently, dispari ty between genders,
urban/rural areas and regions is witnessed. Thus, the study
finally is completed with necessary recommendations.
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
DECLARATION - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - II
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS - - - - - - - - - - III
ABSTRACT - - - IV
LIST OF TABLES - - - - - - - VIII
ACRONYMS - - - X
CHAPTER
I. INTRODUCTION - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1
1 . Background and Justification of the Study - - - - 1
1.1. Development of Contemporary Education in
Ethiopia - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1
1 .2. Major Features of Education in Ethiopia - - 4
2. Statement of the Problem - - - - - - - - - - - - - 8
3 . Objectives of the Study - - - - - - - - - - - - 11
4 . The Signifi cance of the Study - - - - - - - - 13
5. Methodology of the Study - - - - - - - - - - - - - 14
5.1. General - - - - 14
5 .2. Data Collection Techniques - - - - - - - - 14
6. Delimitation of the Study - - - - - - - - - - - - 17
7. Organization of the Study - 17
II . LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK - - - - - 19
1 . Education - - 19
2 . Development - 23
3 . Education and Economic Growth - 25
4. Education and Balanced Development - - - - - - - - 33
III. EDUCATION AND BALANCED DEVELOPMENT: LESSONS FROM
THE EAST ASIAN COUNTRIES - - - - - - - - - - - - - 35
IV. THE EDUCATION SECTOR AND BALANCED DEVELOPMENT IN
ETHIOPIA - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 41
1.Introduction - 41
2. Distribution of Education Facilities and Services 43
2.1. National Distribution 43
2.2. Regional Distribution - - - - 44
2.3. Distribution between urban and Rural areas 45
2.4. Gender Disparity - - 49
3 . The Demand Side of Education in Ethiopia - - - - 50
3 .1. Enrollment and Participation Rate - - - - 50
3 .2. Dropouts - - - - - - 54
3.3. Unemployment and Labor Migration - - - - 57
4 . The Supply Side of Education in Ethiopia - - - - 59
4 .1. Teaching Staff - - - - 59
4 .2 . Educational Equipments Furnitures and
Supplies - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 63
4.3. Management and Administration - - - - - - - 65
4.4. Educational System and Curriculum - - - 67
4.5. The Language of Instruction - - - - - 69
4.6. Culture - - - - - - - - - - - - 71
4 .7. Religion - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 73
5 . The Role of NGOs and Private Sector - - - - - - - 74
6. Financing of Education 77
7. Problems and Attempted Reforms - - - - - - -- 83
8. How Can Education Playa Development Role - - -- 87
VII
8 .1. Skilled Manpower in Ethiopia - - - - - -- 87
8.2. Investment in Education - - - - - - - - - 88
8 .3 . Human Resource Utilization - 89
8.4. Has Education Contributed to Balanced
Development in Ethiopia - - 90
V. EDUCATION AND BALANCED DEVELOPMENT IN OROMIA REGION - - 99
1. Introduction - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 99
2. Distribution of Schools - - - - 100
3 . The Demand Side of Education in Oromia Region 107
4. The Supply Side of Education in Oromia Region- - - 109
5. Strategy in Using Education for the Development of
Oromia Region - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 119
5.1. The Role of the Central Government - - - - 119
5.2 . The Role of the Regional Government - - - - 120
5 .3. The Role of NGOs and Private Sector - - - - 120
5.4. Skilled Manpower in Oromia - - - - - - - - 121
5 .5. Investment in Education - - - - - - - - - 122
5.6.The Contribution of Education to
Development in Oromia Region - 122
IV. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION - - - 127
BIBLIOGRAPHY - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 134
ANNEX- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 140-159
\fIll
LIST OF TABLES
Page
1. Relation of Education to Economic Growth- - 29
2. Share of Students in Private Schools Out of the
Total Students in East Asia. - 39
3 . Educational Facilities by Level of Education - - 43
4. Distribution of Schools by Region and Level- 45
5 . Gross Enrollment Ratios (all students) by
Schooling Level, Urban/ Rural, and Gender - - - - 46
6. Net Enrollment Ratios (All students) by
Schooling Level, Urban/Rural, and Gender - - - - -47
7 . Gross Enrollment Ratios by Proximity to Primary
School - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 48
8 . Gross Enrollment Ratio by Proximity to Secondary
School - - - - - - - - - 48
9. Enrollment Trend by School Level and Gender - - - 50
10. Gross Enrollment Ratio by Level and by Region - - 53
11. Drop Out Rates by Rural/Urban Residence and Sex - 55
12 . Reasons for Stopping Going to School by
Rural/Urban Residence and Sex - - - - 57
13. Number of Teachers During the Last Three Years
by Level - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 59
14 . Number of Professionally Trained and Untrained
Teachers at Different Levels - 61
15. Student-Teacher Ratio by Level and Region - 62
16. Availability of Teaching Materials 64
IX
17. Enrollment, Teachers and Class Rooms in Kinder
gartens by Region - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 76
18. Sources of Financing Education in Government
Schools - - - - 77
19. Total Education Budget Allocation Compared with
GDP and Total Public Budget - 79
20 . Regional Recurrent Budget - 80
21. Total Capital Education Expenditure
by Schooling Level - - - - - - - - - - - - 80
22 . Result of Questionnaire in Ethiopia - - - - - 94
23. Rating of Education Components 97
24 . Schools in Oromia Region - - 101
25 Zonal Distribution of Schools in Oromia Region - 102
26 Urban/Rural Ratio of Schools in Oromia Region - 103
27 Enrollment Number and Ration at all Levels - - 104
28 . Primary Enrollment - - - - - - - - - - - - 105
29. Primary Enrollment, Rural/Urban in Oromia 105
30. Senior Secondary Enrollment in Oromia - - 106
31. Senior Secondary Enrollment, Rural/Urban
in Oromia - - - - 107
32.Gross Enrollment Ratio in Oromia - 108
33 . Primary School Teachers in Oromia 110
34 .Kindergarten, Schools, Teachers and Enrollment
in Oromia Region - - - - 111
35 . Junior Secondary School Teachers in Oromia 112
36. Senior Secondary School Teachers in Oromia 113
37. Result of Questionnaire in Oromia - 124