Hydrogeology: goundwater science and engineering

493 Pages·2019·62.181 MB·English

by  Dassargues, Alain

Hydrogeology
Groundwater science and engineering
This text combines the science and engineering of hydrogeology in an accessible,
innovative style. As well as providing physical descriptions and characterizations of
hydrogeological processes, it also sets out the corresponding mathematical equations
for groundwater flow and solute/heat transport calculations. And, within this, the
methodological and conceptual aspects for flow and contaminant transport model-
ing are discussed in detail. This comprehensive analysis forms the ideal textbook for
graduate and undergraduate students interested in groundwater resources and engi-
neering, and indeed its analyses can apply to researchers and professionals involved
in the area.

Hydrogeology
Groundwater science and engineering
Alain Dassargues
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2019 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Dassargues, Alain author.
Title: Hydrogeology : groundwater science and engineering / author,
Alain Dassargues.
Description: First Edition. | Boca Raton, Florida : Taylor & Francis, A
CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor
& Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa plc, [2019] |
Includes bibliographical references and index. |
Identifiers: LCCN 2018009792 (print) | LCCN 2018018625 (ebook) |
ISBN 9780429894411 (Adobe PDF) | ISBN 9780429894404 (ePub) |
ISBN 9780429894398 (Mobipocket) | ISBN 9781498744003 (Hardback :
acid-free paper) | ISBN 9780429470660 (eBook)
Subjects: LCSH: Hydrogeology. | Groundwater flow.
Classification: LCC GB1003.2 (ebook) | LCC GB1003.2 .D37 2018 (print)
| DDC 551.49--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018009792
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the CRC Press Web site at
http://www.crcpress.com
eResource material is available for this title at https://www.crcpress.com/9781498744003
Thanks!
Thanks to my wife, my three daughters and their companions, and my grand-
children who have supported me in this writing experience. Sorry for the
time that was captured by this book preparation and therefore not devoted
to them!
Thanks to my colleagues within our research group “Hydrogeology and
Environmental Geology” (University of Liège, Belgium), who have been very
patient with me especially during the last two years while being more and
more eager to discover the final result.
Thanks to many colleagues and friends with whom I discussed specific
topics and contents of this book. Among others, I would especially like to
thank Okke Batelaan, Luk Peeters, Craig Simmons, Philippe Renard, Daniel
Hunkeler, Philip Brunner, John Molson, Jean-Michel Lemieux, and René
Therrien for their fruitful exchanges of ideas during my half-year sabbatical in
2017. Particular thanks go to John, Jean-Michel, and René for having reviewed
some of the chapters.
Thanks to Agathe Defourny for having greatly helped to draw the figures
while she brilliantly pursued her Master in Geological Engineering at the
University of Liège.
Thanks to the University of Liège and FNRS Belgium for the granted sab-
batical half-year that allowed me to focus for a few months on the core top-
ics of this book.
Thanks to the reader; I hope you will find in this book the theoretical and/
or practical information you are looking for.

Contents
Foreword xv
Preface xvii
Author xix
1 General introduction 1
1.1 Freshwater resources and groundwater resources 1
1.2 Anthropocentric vision 2
1.3 Hydrogeology within hydrology 3
1.4 Basics about groundwater: partially and fully saturated zones 3
1.5 Prospecting groundwater 4
1.6 Content of this book 4
References 6
2 Hydrologic balance and groundwater 9
2.1 Water cycle and balance assessments 9
2.2 Precipitation 13
Time averaged values 14
Spatial averaged values 14
2.3 Evapotranspiration 15
Evaporation 16
Transpiration 16
ET measurements 16
ET estimation equations 19
2.4 Recharge 27
Introduction 27
Water table fluctuation method 29
Chloride mass balance method 30
2.5 Base flow 32
References 37
3 Groundwater terminology and examples of occurrences 45
3.1 Terminology 45
viii Contents
3.2 Examples of occurrences 50
Aquifers separated by confining units: lateral and vertical leakages 50
Partitioned aquifers resulting from recent horst/graben tectonics 51
Aquifers in successive thrust faults and sheets 51
Fractured bedrock and colluvium of variable lithology 51
Perched aquifer and heterogeneous bedrock aquifer 52
Variable interactions between aquifers induced by human activities 53
A semiconfined to unconfined drained chalk aquifer 54
Karstic groundwater system 54
Groundwater flow direction in a limestone aquifer
and the influence of the base water level 55
Importance of a clear and justified geological interpretation 56
References 58
4 Saturated groundwater flow 59
4.1 Representative elementary volume (REV) concept 59
4.2 Porosities 61
Total porosity 61
Effective porosity 64
Water content 69
4.3 Piezometric heads 69
Introduction 69
Simplified Bernoulli equation and piezometric head 70
Practical measurements of the piezometric head 72
4.4 Darcy’s law and hydraulic conductivity 73
Experimental Darcy’s law 73
Specific discharge and velocities 74
Hydraulic conductivity and intrinsic permeability 75
3D Darcy’s law 77
4.5 Heterogeneity: Upscaled, equivalent, and averaged
hydraulic conductivity values 80
Equivalent averaged hydraulic conductivity values
for flow parallel or perpendicular to stratified layers 80
Geostatistically derived equivalent averaged
hydraulic conductivity values 82
4.6 Application of Darcy’s law in heterogeneous and fractured media 82
Local and regional groundwater flow 82
Hydraulic conductivity and groundwater flow in fractured rocks 87
4.7 Limitations of the validity of Darcy’s law 89
4.8 Transmissivity concept 92
4.9 Equations of the steady-state groundwater flow (saturated conditions) 93
4.10 Storage variation under saturated conditions 95
Specific storage coefficient or specific storativity definition 95
Contents ix
Effective stress and Terzaghi concept 96
Specific storage coefficient and development
of the mass balance equation 97
4.11 Equations of the transient groundwater flow 100
3D groundwater flow equations 100
2D vertical groundwater flow equations 101
Storage coefficient 101
2D horizontal groundwater flow equations in confined conditions 102
2D horizontal groundwater flow equations in unconfined conditions 103
References 104
5 Hydraulic conductivity measurements 107
5.1 Introduction 107
5.2 Laboratory tests 107
Empirical relations based on grain size distribution 108
Constant head permeameter 109
Falling head permeameter 110
Oedometer and isotropic tests 110
5.3 Slug tests 111
Interpretation 112
5.4 Pumping tests 114
Design, procedures, and measurements 115
Interpretation of steady-state data 117
Interpretation of transient data 125
5.5 Other measurements methods 144
Lugeon test or packer test 144
Lefranc method 145
Jacob and Lohman solution for an artesian flowing well test 146
Inverse auger hole, infiltrometer, or Porchet method 147
Field-based air permeameter measurements 148
References 149
6 Land subsidence induced by pumping and drainage 155
6.1 Introduction 155
6.2 Effective stress and water pressure variations in depth 155
6.3 Coupling groundwater flow and geomechanical
aspects in porous media 158
Variation of the specific storage coefficient 159
Variation of the permeability 160
6.4 Examples of sinking cities and famous case studies 162
Venice 162
The Netherlands 163
Bangkok 164