Hybrid Composite Precast Systems: Numerical Investigation to Construction PDF
Preview Hybrid Composite Precast Systems: Numerical Investigation to Construction
Hybrid Composite Precast Systems This page intentionally left blank Woodhead Publishing Series in Civil and Structural Engineering Hybrid Composite Precast Systems Numerical Investigation to Construction Won-Kee Hong An imprint of Elsevier WoodheadPublishingisanimprintofElsevier TheOfficers’MessBusinessCentre,RoystonRoad,Duxford,CB224QH,UnitedKingdom 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OX51GB,UnitedKingdom ©2020ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicormechanical,includingphotocopying, recording,oranyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Detailsonhowtoseekpermission,further informationaboutthePublisher’spermissionspoliciesandourarrangementswithorganizationssuchastheCopyrightClearanceCenterandthe CopyrightLicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite:www.elsevier.com/permissions. ThisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightbythePublisher(otherthanasmaybenotedherein). Notices Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchandexperiencebroadenourunderstanding,changesinresearch methods,professionalpractices,ormedicaltreatmentmaybecomenecessary. Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgeinevaluatingandusinganyinformation,methods,compounds,or experimentsdescribedherein.Inusingsuchinformationormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthesafetyofothers,including partiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility. Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors,assumeanyliabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersons orpropertyasamatterofproductsliability,negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods,products,instructions,orideas containedinthematerialherein. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN:(print)978-0-08-102721-9 ISBN:(online)978-0-08-102741-7 ForinformationonallWoodheadpublications visitourwebsiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher:MatthewDeans AcquisitionEditor:GwenJones EditorialProjectManager:EmmaHayes ProductionProjectManager:SojanP.Pazhayattil CoverDesigner:AlanStudholme TypesetbySPiGlobal,India Contents Preface ix 2.4 Verificationofthestructural performanceofthejointviathe numericalinvestigation 28 1. Conventional precast assembly 2.5 Experimentalinvestigationofthe 1.1 Reviewofconventionalprecast structuralperformanceofthecolumn- concretestructures 1 to-columnconnections 28 1.1.1 Whyprecastconcrete? 1 2.5.1 Steel-concretecompositecolumns 28 1.1.2 Qualitycontrolandfacile 2.5.2 Concretecolumnswithoutsteel installation 1 sections 54 1.2 Conventionalprecastconnection 1 2.5.3 Conclusionsofthecolumn-to- 1.2.1 Column-to-columnconnection 1 columnconnections 64 1.2.2 Beam-to-columnconnection 8 2.6 Experimentalinvestigationofthe 1.3 Suggestionfortheimprovementof structuralperformanceofthebeam-to- theprecastjoints 12 columnconnections 64 1.3.1 Useofthecast-in-placeconcrete 12 2.6.1 Steel-concretehybridcomposite 1.3.2 Whysteel-concretehybrid beams 64 compositeprecastframes?Useof 2.6.2 Conclusionsofthebeam-to- steel-concretehybridprecast columnconnections 77 frameswithreducedframe 2.7 Testassembly 77 weightimplementingdrymechanical 2.7.1 Significanceoftheconnection 77 jointshavingboltedlaminated 2.7.2 Assemblyofthefull-scaleprecast plates 12 columns 77 References 14 2.7.3 Testassembly:Precastcolumnsplice implementingthemechanicaljoints 2. Experimental investigation of the havinglaminatedmetalplates 77 precast concrete and the precast 2.7.4 Testassembly 79 steel-concrete hybrid composite References 88 frames having novel mechanical 3. The investigation of the structural joints performance of the hybrid composite 2.1 Conventionalboltedendplatesusedfor precast frames with mechanical joints steelframes 15 based on nonlinear finite element 2.2 Descriptionofthemechanicaljoints 16 analysis 2.2.1 Jointconnectionfromanerection pointofview 16 3.1 Numericalinvestigationofthestructural 2.2.2 Column-to-columnjointforthe performance 89 momentconnections 16 3.1.1 Nonlinearinelasticfiniteelement 2.2.3 Beam-to-columnjointforthe analysis 89 momentconnections 19 3.1.2 FEAparametersandtheirphysical 2.3 Designofthemechanicaljoints 20 meanings 91 2.3.1 Column-to-columnconnection 20 3.1.3 Dilationangle 94 2.3.2 Beam-to-columnconnection 3.1.4 Fracturecriterion 103 andthedesignofthestiffness 3.1.5 Penetrationofcontactelement 105 ofthecolumnplates 3.1.6 Modelingtechnique;typesofcontact andbolts 28 elementsinFEA 108 v vi Contents 3.2 Nonlinear finiteelementanalysisof 4.4 Testerection 228 hybridcompositeprecastcolumnsspliced 4.4.1 ErectionofirregularL-shaped byamechanicalmetalplate 113 frames 228 3.2.1 Finiteelementmodelsforthe 4.4.2 Conclusion 240 mechanicaljointswithlaminated References 247 plates 113 3.2.2 Numericalinvestigationofmetal 5. Novel erection ofthe precastframes plateswithhigh-yieldstrength using interlocking mechanical steelsplicingprecastconcrete couplers columns 138 5.1 Significanceoftheprecasterection 3.3 Nonlinear finiteelementanalysisofthe usinginterlockingmechanicaljoints 249 beam-to-columnconnectionswith 5.2 Assemblyofthefull-scaleprecastframe mechanicalmetalplatesforconcrete/ byinterlockingcouplers 249 steel-concretecompositeframe 151 5.2.1 Column-to-columnconnections 249 3.3.1 Finiteelementmodelsforfullyand 5.2.2 Girder-to-columnconnectionsand partiallyrestrainedmoment connections 151 thetesterection 256 References 176 5.3 Numericalinvestigation 264 5.3.1 Descriptionofthemechanical 4. L-type hybrid precast frames with connectionsfordesign verification 264 mechanical joints using laminated 5.3.2 Finiteelementmodelofthe metal plates proposedjoint 268 4.1 ExperimentalinvestigationoftheL-type 5.3.3 Verificationofthenumerical hybridprecastframesusingmechanical analysis 268 jointswithlaminatedmetalplates 179 5.3.4 Flexuralcapacityoftheconnection 271 4.1.1 WhyL-typeprecastframes? 179 5.3.5 Conclusions 274 4.1.2 Specimendetailsandtest References 274 preparationofSpecimens LC1–LC3 179 6. Novel precast frame for facile 4.1.3 Preparationofthetest 180 construction of low-rise buildings 4.1.4 Experimentalinvestigations 183 using mechanically assembled joint 4.1.5 Conclusion 193 to replace conventional monolithic 4.2 Nonlinear finiteelementanalysesofthe concrete frame L-typecolumnswithmechanicaljoints 195 4.2.1 Selectionoftheelementsand 6.1 Introduction 275 discretization 195 6.1.1 Advantagesandchallenges 275 4.2.2 Defininginteractions;surface-to- 6.1.2 Methodologyofjointdetailsforlow- surfacecontact 196 riseframes;connectionsforcolumn- 4.2.3 Definitionofthehost,embedded to-column,column-to-girder,and elements,andconstraints 198 girder-to-beam 275 4.2.4 FEmodelswithafoundation;load 6.2 Designofthebuildingwiththe applicationatatestcenter 198 mechanicaljoints 277 4.2.5 Structuralbehavioroflaminated 6.2.1 Designloadcombinationand metalplates 203 conventionaldesigndetail 277 4.2.6 FEmodelswithoutfoundations 206 6.2.2 Designofmechanicallylayered 4.2.7 StrainevolutionofL-type platesbasedonnonlinearfinite columns(monolithicandmechanical elementanalysis 278 jointswithnoaxialforce) 6.2.3 Numericalmodelandnonlinear with/withoutfoundation 206 finiteelementanalysisparameters 280 4.2.8 Conclusions 209 6.2.4 Designofconnectionplates 280 4.3 Designverificationofthebeam-column 6.2.5 Implementationoftheextended frames 214 endplatesingirder-to-beam 286 4.3.1 Nonlinearnumericalmodel 214 6.2.6 Implementationoftheextended 4.3.2 Designverification 219 endplatesincolumn-to-girder 4.3.3 Conclusion 226 connections 291 Contents vii 6.3 Designverification 292 8.2.3 Inter-moduleconnection 331 6.3.1 Ratesofstrainincreaseandstrain 8.2.4 Applicationofthemodular activationofthestructural constructiontohigh-risebuildings 332 componentsatconnection 292 8.3 Implementationofthemechanicaljoints 6.3.2 Constructionquantities 297 inprecastconnectionsformodular 6.3.3 Reductionofconstructionperiodby construction 334 mechanicalconnection 297 8.3.1 High-risebuildingapplication 334 6.3.4 Reductionofenergyconsumption 8.3.2 Applicationtospecialstructures 336 andCO emissionswiththenew 8.4 Lateralstabilityofthehybridcomposite 2 precastframe 298 precastframeswithrigidmechanical 6.4 Resultsandconclusions 299 joints 338 References 300 8.4.1 Seismicresponsesand fundamentalperiodofthemodular building 338 7. Novel pipe rack frames with rigid 8.4.2 Modularsteelbuildingwithbraced joints frames 340 7.1 Overviewofthepiperackframes 8.4.3 Precastconcrete-basedframes introducedinthischapter 301 havingmechanicaljoints 340 7.1.1 Theinnovatedpiperackframes 301 8.5 Conclusions 345 7.1.2 Overallhistoricaldevelopment, References 345 advantagesandchallengesof existingpiperackframes 301 7.1.3 Significanceofthepiperackframes 9. Precast steel-concrete hybrid withrigidjoints;motivationsand composite structural frames with objectives 302 monolithic joints 7.2 Novelpiperackframeswithrigidjoints 304 9.1 Whytheprecaststeel-concretehybrid 7.2.1 Precastconcrete-basedpiperack compositewithmonolithicjoints? 348 frameswithrigidmonolithicbeam- 9.2 Structuralbehaviorofthehybrid columnconnections 304 compositebeamswithmonolithicjoints 352 7.2.2 Precastconcrete-basedpiperack 9.2.1 Widesteelflangesencasedin frameswithrigidmechanicaljoints 304 concrete;theinteractionbetween 7.2.3 Pipe-rackswithprestressedframes 314 steelandconcrete 352 7.2.4 Rigidsteelframes 314 9.2.2 T-shapedsteelsectionencasedin 7.3 Casestudy 314 concrete 355 7.3.1 Steel-concretehybridcomposite 9.2.3 Seismiccapacityofthehybrid precastframeswithmoment precastbeams 373 connections 314 9.2.4 Prestressedprecastbeam 7.3.2 Dynamiccharacteristics 321 monolithicallyintegratedwith 7.3.3 Suggestionforrapidconstruction columns 376 basedonthefasttrackusingthe 9.2.5 Discussionsandconclusions 377 proposedframes 321 9.3 Analyticalpredictionofthenonlinear 7.3.4 Structuralsavings 321 structuralbehaviorofthesteel-concrete 7.3.5 Offsitemodularconstruction hybridcompositestructures 382 withbasetemplate 328 9.3.1 Conventionalstraincompatibility 7.4 Conclusions 329 approach 382 References 329 9.3.2 Steel-concretehybridcomposite 8. Application to the modular beamswithoutaxialloads 383 9.4 Assemblyofthesteelbeam-column construction jointswithaskewedbeamsection 402 8.1 Overviewofthemodularconstruction 9.4.1 Conventionalsteelerection 402 forlow-risebuildings 331 9.4.2 Newerectionmethod;splicing 8.2 Conventionalmodularconstruction 331 platesandboltingbeyond 8.2.1 Structuralandconnectionsystems 331 criticalpath 402 8.2.2 Cellular-typemodulesandintra- 9.4.3 Precastcolumnsplicedbythe moduleconnection 331 rebarsextendedinholes 409 viii Contents 9.5 Applicationofthehybridcomposite 10.2.3 Activationfunctionsrelatedto precastframeswiththebeamdepth thestructural-engineering reductioncapabilitytohigh-risebuildings 411 applications 430 9.5.1 Applicationtoa19-storybuilding 411 10.2.4 Initialization 433 9.5.2 Erectionandassemblyofthehybrid 10.2.5 Datanormalization 433 compositebeams 416 10.2.6 ThreewaystotrainANNs 9.5.3 Descriptionsoftheselectedbuildings 419 inMatlab 433 9.6 Contributions 419 10.3 Artificialneuralnetwork-based References 426 designoftheductileprecastconcrete beams 436 10. Artificial-intelligence-based design 10.3.1 Generationofthebigstructural of the ductile precast concrete data;aductiledesignofthe beams doublyreinforcedprecast concretebeams 436 10.1 Conceptandstructureoftheartificial 10.3.2 Supervisedtraining 439 neuralnetworks 427 10.3.3 Testnetworksandthedesign 10.1.1 Analogywiththebiological results 441 neuronmodel 427 10.3.4 Conclusions 478 10.1.2 ANNsforstructuralengineering 427 References 478 10.2 Multilayerperception 427 10.2.1 Weightsandbias 427 10.2.2 Backpropagationbyadjusting weights 428 Index 479 Preface Thetermprecastconcretestructurereferstoanassemblageoftheprefabricatedmembersthat,whenjointedtogether,form three-dimensionalframeworksforthestructuresthatareabletoresistgravity,wind,andseismicloads.Inrecognitionofthe factthatquiteafewtraditionalprecastframesrequirecast-in-placejoints,thisbookhasbeendesignedtodisseminateand elucidatehowthejointsoftheprecastframescanbesimplifiedforafastandfacilejointassemblyusingthetraditionalsteel usedintheindustryoverthedecades.Themostimportantfactoraffectingrecenttrendsintheareaoftheprecastconcrete structureshasbeenarapidandfacileerection.Agreatdealoftheresearchhasbeenperformedtoupgradetheapplicationof theprecastconcretemembers,includingstudiescarriedouttofacilitatetheerectionandinstallationprocessoftheprecast frames. This book provides various test erections and construction applications utilizing hybrid precast frames demon- stratingarapidandeffortlessassemblycapability.Theerectionefficiencyoftheproposeddryjointsforbothsteel-concrete compositeprecastandreinforcedconcreteprecastframesisalsoelucidated.Thisbookisdedicatedtoprovidingresearchers andengineerswithpractical guidelinesforthedesignofprecast structures.Thetechnologicalapproachappearedinthis book is committed to bridge gaps and break down barriers for the planning, designing, and building of sustaining and resilient infrastructures in the time of the climate changes for the academics, engineers, architects, contractors and city officials,whofacetheclimatechangeissues.Theauthorwelcomesthefurtherrectificationofthehybridprecasttechnology proposed inthis book. Chapter 1 introduces some precast practices found in the recent construction industry. The traditional precast joints includingcolumn-to-column/beam-to-columnconnectionsandtheirdesignsarebrieflyreviewed,evenifmuchofthecon- ventionalprecastconstructionwithdesignmethodsareavailableintheliterature.AttheendofChapter1,howthecon- ventionalprecastjointscanbeimprovedissuggestedbyutilizingthehybridsteel-concretecompositeprecastframeswhich canbeimplementedindrymechanicaljointshavingboltedlaminatedplatestoreducetheerectiontimesandframeweight. Chapter2presentsbothextensiveexperimentalandnumericalinvestigationsofthenovelhybridprecastsystemsutilizing beam-to-columnand beam-to-beamconnections thathavebeenusedfor thesteel frames. Whenthemechanical jointsare implementedinbothsteel-concrete composite precast framesand reinforcedconcrete precast frames, the reduction ofthe constructionperiod,costefficiency,andfasterectionofframescanbeoffered,onthetopofthemanyadvantagesprovided bytheconventionalprecastframes,whichhavebeenwidelyadoptedformanyyears.Inthischapter,thestructuralstabilityof the proposed dry connections using laminated metal and concrete plates is verified with numerous experimental investi- gations. The nonlinear finite element analysis-based numerical investigations considering the concrete damaged plasticity arealsosuccessfullyverifiedbytheexperimentaldata.Attheendofthischapter,readerswillappreciatehowtheconstruction methodsimplementedinsteelframescanalsobeimplementedinthehybridprecaststeel-concreteorconcreteframes,pro- vidinganinnovativeprecastframeassembly,andremovingdrawbacksoftheconventionalprecastmethods. Chapter3introducesanonlinearfiniteelementanalysis,whichcanserveasausefulguidetothenumericalinvestigation ofthenovelprecastframesshowingcomplexjointbehavior.Concreteandmetalsexhibitefficientlyhybridstructuralper- formances, whereas an understanding of the structural evolution via microscopic strains will not be possible without extensive and accurate numerical analysis tools. The hybrid composite precast frames are numerically modeled based on the calibrated parameters considering the damaged concrete plasticity to investigate the microscopic strains of the mechanicaljoints.Extensiveexperimentsarealsoconductedtoexplorethestructuralevolutionofthemechanicaljoints integratedwithconcrete,verifyingthecontributionofthemechanicaljointstotheflexuralcapacityofthehybridprecast frames.Thischaptercanbereadseparatelyfromtheotherchaptersonthefirstreading.Readersmaychoosetoreadthis chapter whenthey are ready todelveinto the numerical behavior ofthe proposedhybridprecast systems. Chapter4developstheL-shapedprecastcolumnsimplementingthehybridmechanicaljointshavinglaminatedmetal plates. The L-shaped columns are preferred by architects because of their architectural flexibility, fitting inside at the corners, replacing walls or rectangular columns in residential buildings. The performance of the L-type precast frames is explored experimentally and numerically, identifying structural elements that contributed to the flexural capacity. ix
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