Hunger Report 1995: The Alan Shawn Feinstein World Hunger Program, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island

288 Pages·1996·5.25 MB·English

by  Ellen Messer

The Hunger Report: 1995
The Hunger Report: 1995
Edited by
Ellen Messer
and
Peter Uvin
Alan Shawn Feinstein
World Hunger Program
Brown University

Gordon and Breach Publishers
Australia • Canada • China • France • Germany • India • Japan •
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• Switzerland • Thailand • United Kingdom
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Copyright © 1996 by Brown University. Published in The Netherlands under
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All rights reserved.
No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or
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Emmaplein 5 1075 AW Amsterdam The Netherlands
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN 0-203-98643-1 Master e-book ISBN
ISBN - (Adobe eReader Format)
ISBN 90-5699-518-9 (Print Edition)
ISSN 1040-3604
Contents

Tables and Figures vi
Foreword x
Acknowledgments xiii
Introduction xiv
Acronyms and Abbreviations xxxi

1 The State of World Hunger 1

Peter Uvin
2 Food Wars: Hunger as a Weapon of War in 1994 20

Ellen Messer
3 Global Changes Since 1989 49

Goran Hyden
4 The Human Right to Food (1989–1994) 64

Ellen Messer
5 Linking the Grassroots to the Summit 84

Peter Uvin
6 Progress in Overcoming Hunger in China: 1989–1994 105

Chen Chunming
7 Progress in Overcoming Hunger in Southeast Asia: 1989–1994 123

Kraisid Tontisirin and Pattanee Winichagoon
8 Overcoming Hunger and Malnutrition: The Indonesian Experience 136

Soekirman
9 Progress in Overcoming Micronutrient Deficiencies: 1989–1994 144

Anne Lalsawmliani Ralte
10 Is Childhood Malnutrition Being Overcome? 159

J.Mason, U.Jonsson, and J.Csete
11 Trends in Household Poverty and Hunger 188

Pierre Landell-Mills
Discussion—Is Economic Growth Really the Remedy for Overcoming 196

Hunger and Poverty?
Shlomo Reutlinger
12 The Future of Food Trade and Food Aid in a Liberalizing Global Economy 203

H.W.Singer
13 Visions of the Future: Food, Hunger and Nutrition 214

Ellen Messer
14 Ending Hunger: 1999 and Beyond 232

Robert W.Kates

The Salaya Statement on Ending Hunger 249
List of Contributors 251
Tables and Figures

Tables

1.1. Numbers of People Supported by 1993 Global Food Supply 2

with Different Diets
1.2. Cereal Carryover Stocks, million tons 3
1.3. Changes in Food Security Indicators 4
1.4. Countries with DES below Requirement, 1988–90 5
1.5. Indicators of Famine and Food Shortage 6
1.6. The Proportion and Number of Chronically Underfed 8
1.7. Food Import Dependency Ratio, 1969/71 to 1988/90 9
1.8. Proportion of Underweight Pre-School Children (0–60 months) 10
1.9. Number of Countries in which the Prevalence of Underweight 11
Children Increased, Decreased or Remained Stable, according
to the Most Recent Estimates
1.10. Prevalence of Undernutrition 12
1.11. Number of People in Millions Affected by Micronutrient 15

Malnutrition
1.12. Estimated Impact of Iodine and Vitamin A Deficiency 16
1.13. Cereal Food Aid Shipments by Region, 1989–1994 17
3.1. The Aid Gap 53
3.2. GATT Winners and Losers 54
4.1. International Conferences, 1989–1994, Containing References 65

to the Human Right to Food
4.2. Chart of Ratifications of International Instruments 78
5.1. Main Features of the “Core Organizations” 92
6.1. National Average Food Consumption 106
6.2. Consumption of Energy, Protein, and Fat (National Average) 107
6.3. Food Consumption in Rural Households 108
6.4. Consumption of Energy, Protein, and Fat (in Rural 108

Households, China)
6.5. Food Consumption of Rural Households (Pilot survey of Food 109

and Nutrition Surveillance System) in 1990
6.6. Energy, Protein and Fat Intake of Income Groups of Rural 110

Households in 1990
6.7. Intake of Energy, Protein, and Fat of the Chinese People 112
6.8. National Average of Macronutrient Intake by Income Groups 113
6.9. BMI Distribution of Adults Aged 20–45 in China 113
6.10. Prevalence of Underweight 114
6.11. Prevalence of Stunting 114
6.12. Comparison of Growth Distribution 115
6.13. Comparison of Dietary Patterns (Rural households) 119
7.1. Indicators of Economic Development 124
7.2. Food Production and Nutrient Availability 126
7.3. Mortality, Low Birthweight and Total Fertility Rates in 126

Southeast Asian Countries
7.4. Nutritional Status of the Underfives 128
7.5. Micronutrient Nutritional Status of Countries in Southeast Asia 128
7.6. Basic Demographic Information in Ten Southeast-Asian 131

Countries
7.7. Education and Economic Situation 131
7.8. Immunization Coverage 133
10.1. Estimated Trends in Prevalence of Underweight Children 172
10.2. Regional Rates in Underweight Prevalence Change 173
10.3. Classification of Selected Countries by Whether Policies are 175
Generally Agreed for Nutrition Improvement and Progress
Towards Nutritional Goals
11.1. Estimates of the Magnitude and Depth of Poverty in the 189

Developing World, 1985–90
11.2. Minimum Rates of Growth to Reduce the Number of the Poor 191

(percent per year)
11.3. Relationship Between Income and Income Inequality 194
13.1. World Food, Agriculture, and Hunger Projections from Year 215

2000
14.1. Recent Estimates of Hunger 233
14.2. Estimated Global Per Capita Averages of Food Harvests, 240

Availabilities, Losses, Consumption, and Requirements in
1990
14.3. Conservative Estimates of Additional Harvest Achievable by 241

the Year 2050 in Harvest Equivalents
Figures

2.1. Countries Affected by Food Wars (by region) 22
6.1. Prevalence of Stunting and Underweight 120
6.2. Prevalence of Wasting 121
10.1. Illustration of Growth Patterns 160
10.2. The Malnutrition-Infection Cycles 162
10.3. Environmental Effects on the Child 163
10.4. Influence of Diet and other Environmental Factors on 164

Physiological Processes in Children and Outcomes
10.5. Effects of Doubling Income on Nutrition 165
10.6. Causes of Malnutrition: The UNICEF Conceptual Framework 167
10.7. Trends in Prevalence of Underweight Children 170
10.8. Relation of Change in Underweight Prevalence with 174

Economic Growth, by Country
10.9. The “Triple-A cycle” 177
10.10. Relation of Underweight Prevalence Change, Removing 179
Effect of Economic Growth with Government Budget Percent
for Health and Education
11.1. Change in Poverty Against Change in Household Mean 190

Consumption Between Survey Dates in the 1980s