Human reproduction : updates and new horizons

451 Pages·2017·9.562 MB·English

by  Heide Schatten

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HumanReproduction
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Human Reproduction
UpdatesandNewHorizons
Editedby
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HeideSchatten
DepartmentofVeterinaryPathobiology,
UniversityofMissouri,Columbia,Missouri,USA
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData:
Names:Schatten,Heide,editor.
Title:Humanreproduction:updatesandnewhorizons/editedbyHeide
Schatten.
Description:Hoboken,NewJersey:JohnWiley&SonsInc.,[2017]|Includes
index.
Identifiers:LCCN2016038683|ISBN9781118849583(cloth)|ISBN9781118849576
(epub)
Subjects:LCSH:Humanreproduction.
Classification:LCCQP251.H8452017|DDC612.6–dc23LCrecordavailableat
https://lccn.loc.gov/2016038683
Coverimage:GettyImages/mikroman6
Setin10/12ptWarnockProbySPiGlobal,Chennai,India
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v
Contents
ListofContributors xv
1 SpermSelectionTechniquesandtheirRelevanceto
ART 1
LukeSimon,MonisB.Shamsi,andDouglasT.Carrell
1.1 Introduction 1
(cid:2) 1.2 NeedofSpermSelectioninART 2 (cid:2)
1.3 MethodologyofSpermSelection 3
1.3.1 IntracytoplasmicSpermInjection 3
1.3.1.1 Methodology 4
1.3.1.2 AdvantagesandLimitations 4
1.3.1.3 Conclusion 6
1.3.2 IntracytoplasmicMorphologicallySelectedSperm
Injection 6
1.3.2.1 Methodology 7
1.3.2.2 AdvantagesandLimitations 7
1.3.2.3 Conclusion 8
1.3.3 AnnexinVLabeling 8
1.3.3.1 Methodology 10
1.3.3.2 AdvantagesandLimitations 10
1.3.3.3 Conclusion 11
1.3.4 Microfluidics 11
1.3.4.1 Methodology 12
1.3.4.2 AdvantagesandLimitations 13
1.3.4.3 Conclusion 14
1.4 ElectrophoreticSpermSeparation 14
1.4.1 Methodology 15
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vi Contents
1.4.2 AdvantagesandLimitations 16
1.4.3 ClinicalImportanceofSpermPreparationby
Electrophoresis 17
1.4.4 Conclusion 17
1.5 ZetaTest 18
1.5.1 Methodology 18
1.5.2 AdvantagesandLimitations 19
1.5.3 ClinicalImportance 20
1.5.4 Conclusion 20
1.6 MicroelectrophoresisSpermSelection 21
1.6.1 Methodology 21
1.6.2 AdvantagesandLimitations 23
1.6.3 ClinicalImportance 23
1.6.4 Conclusion 24
1.7 RamanSpectroscopy 24
1.7.1 Methodology 24
1.7.2 AdvantagesandLimitations 26
1.7.3 ClinicalImportance 26
1.7.4 Conclusion 27
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1.8 HyaluronicAcidBindingAssay 27
1.8.1 Methodology 28
1.8.2 AdvantagesandLimitations 28
1.8.3 ClinicalImportance 28
1.8.4 Conclusion 29
1.9 FuturePerspective 30
References 31
2 InVitroMaturationofHumanOocytes:Current
PracticesandFuturePromises 45
CatherineM.H.Combelles
2.1 Introduction 45
2.2 ClinicalIndicationsforIVM 46
2.2.1 OvarianHyperstimulationSyndrome(OHSS) 46
2.2.2 PolycysticOvarySyndrome(PCOS) 46
2.2.3 FertilityPreservation 47
2.2.4 OtherIndications:PoorResponders,Normo-Ovulatory
Patients,andOtherUniqueCases 49
2.2.5 PatientSelection 50
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Contents vii
2.3 OvarianStimulationApproachesfortheRetrievalof
ImmatureOocytes 51
2.4 MaternalConditionsthatmayInfluenceIVM 54
2.5 FollicularOriginsofImmatureOocytesforIVM 55
2.6 ClinicalSafetyofIVM 57
2.7 ConcludingRemarkstowardstheOptimizationofIVM 58
References 61
3 MolecularBiologyofEndometriosis 71
JayasreeSengupta,G.Anupa,MuzafferAhmedBhat,and
DebabrataGhosh
3.1 Introduction 71
3.2 BriefBackground 71
3.2.1 Definition,Pathology,andDemography 71
3.2.2 PhenotypesandClassification 72
3.2.3 TheoriesofEndometriosis 73
3.2.4 EssentialCellularPathology 74
3.3 GeneticBasisofEndometriosis 76
3.4 MolecularMechanismsofEndometriosis 77
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3.4.1 EstrogenDependenceandProgesteroneResistance 79
3.4.2 InflammatoryDysfunction 81
3.4.3 TriadofMolecularProcesses:Estrogen/Progesterone
Balance,Apoptosis,andInflammatoryFunction 82
3.5 MolecularEtiopathologicalBasisofEndometriosis:Leadsin
GenomicsEra 83
3.5.1 CandidateGenesandModule-BasedStudies 83
3.5.2 LargeScaleTranscriptomicStudies 86
3.5.3 Genome-WideGeneExpressionProfiles 92
3.5.4 Genome-WideAssociationStudies(GWAS) 96
3.6 MolecularEtiopathologicalBasisofEndometriosis:Leadsin
thePost-GenomicsEra 99
3.6.1 EndometrialProteomeofEndometriosis 99
3.6.2 EpigeneticLandscapeinEndometriosis 107
3.6.3 BiomarkersofEndometriosis 112
3.7 FutureTargets 113
Acknowledgments 115
ConflictsofInterest 116
References 116
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viii Contents
4 NovelImmunologicalAspectsfortheTreatmentof
Age-inducedOvarianandTesticularInfertility,
OtherFunctionalDiseases,andEarlyandAdvanced
CancerImmunotherapy 143
AntoninBukovsky
4.1 Introduction 143
4.2 OvarianInfertility 145
4.2.1 RationaleforUsingInVitroDevelopedOocyte-likeCells
(OLCs)andPossibleIVM/IVFDevelopmentsforClinical
Use 146
4.2.2 FormalTermsRelatedtoOvarianCellularConditionsand
Functions 147
4.2.3 StemCellCommitmentbyEmbryonicPrimordialGerm
Cells 148
4.2.4 RoleoftheImmuneSysteminOvarianFunction 148
4.2.5 StepsRequiredforFollicularRenewalinAdultHuman
Ovaries 148
4.2.6 OriginandDevelopmentofOvarianGermCells 149
4.2.7 OvarianStemCellCultures 159
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4.2.8 PerspectivesofAdvancedAgeoftheWoman,Premature
OvarianFailure,orOtherOvarianInfertilityEtiologiesby
InVitroDevelopedOocytesinOvarianStemCell
Cultures 161
4.2.9 NuclearTransfer 162
4.3 NovelInVitroProposalsforOvarianInfertility
Treatment 163
4.3.1 PreliminaryStrategiesforInVitroApproaches 163
4.3.1.1 FormationofGermCells 163
4.3.1.2 FormationofGranulosaCells 164
4.3.1.3 SeparationofDonorMononuclearCells 164
4.3.1.4 CollectionofOvarianStemCellsforaClinical
Approach 164
4.3.2 Oocyte-likeCellNuclearTransfertoDonorOocyte 165
4.3.3 DonorOocyteCytoplasmicTransfertoOocyte-like
Cell 165
4.3.4 TransferofGranulosaCellsorTheirComponentstoan
EstablishedOSCCulture 165
4.3.5 TransferofGranulosaCellsorTheirComponentstoFresh
SecondaryOvarianStemCellCulturesDuringEarlySteps
ofOocyteReconstruction 166
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Contents ix
4.3.6 FibroblastsinOSCCulturesStealZP3Expressionfrom
OLCs 169
4.3.7 WhatMayBeNextinOvarianTissueCultures? 170
4.4 NovelInVivoProposalforOvarianandTesticularInfertility
Treatment 170
4.4.1 SystemicTreatmentofOvarianInfertilitybyTransferof
CompatibleBloodorSeparatedMononuclearCellsfrom
YoungFertileDonorWomen 172
4.4.2 SystemicTreatmentofTesticularInfertilitybyTransferof
CompatibleBloodorSeparatedMononuclearCellsfrom
YoungFertileDonorMen 174
4.5 SystemicTreatmentofOtherFunctionalDiseasesbyTissue
Rejuvenation 174
4.5.1 UtilizationofBloodorMononuclearCellTransfusionfrom
YoungIndividuals 174
4.5.2 UtilizationofSexSteroidCombinationsforAlteredTissues
inYoungerIndividualswithoutAlteredStemCell
Niche 175
4.6 AdvantagesofLocalandSystemicUseofHoneyBee
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PropolisandCayennePepper 175
4.6.1 PropolisandAlopecia 176
4.6.2 PropolisandVaricoseVeins 178
4.6.3 PropolisandDentalCalculus 178
4.6.4 SystemicUseofPropolisTincture 178
4.6.5 BenefitsofCayennePepperSystemicTreatment 180
4.7 ThePromiseofPyramidHealingSystems 180
4.8 RawShiitakeCausesEarlyNeoplasiaRegressionand
MalignancyRecurrencePrevention 180
4.9 ImmuneModulationfortheTreatmentofanAdvanced
Cancer 182
4.10 AdvancedOvarianCancerRegressionCaseReport 184
4.10.1 ImmuneModulationinAdvancedMalignancyShouldBe
AttemptedinNovel,NotYetTreatedCancerCases 184
4.10.2 PostoperativeDevelopment 184
4.11 Discussion 187
4.12 Conclusions 192
Abbreviations 193
CompetingInterests 193
AuthorContribution 193
References 194
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x Contents
5 MitochondrialManipulationforInfertilityTreatment
andDiseasePrevention 205
TetsuyaIshii
5.1 Introduction 205
5.2 TheRolesofMitochondriainFertilization,Embryonic
Development,andDisease 206
5.3 TheGeneticsofMitochondriaandMitochondrial
Diseases 209
5.4 OoplasmicTransfertoTreatInfertility 210
5.5 PronuclearTransfertoAchievePregnancy 214
5.6 GerminalVesicleTransfertoRestoretheViabilityof
Oocytes 216
5.7 MitochondrialDiseasesandPreventionoftheir
Inheritance 217
5.8 MitochondrialReplacementbyTransferringPronucleiand
MIISpindle 218
5.9 Discussion 220
Acknowledgments 222
References 223
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6 NovelImagingTechniquestoAssessGametesand
PreimplantationEmbryos 231
JasonE.Swain
6.1 Introduction 231
6.2 LightandImpactonMammalianGametesand
Embryos 232
6.3 NovelImagingApproachesforGametesandEmbryos 233
6.3.1 PolarizedLightMicroscopy 233
6.3.1.1 Oocyte 235
6.3.1.2 Sperm 236
6.3.2 Multi-PhotonExcitationFluorescenceMicroscopy 237
6.3.2.1 OocytesandEmbryos 237
6.3.3 HarmonicGenerationMicroscopy 239
6.3.3.1 OocytesandEmbryos 239
6.3.4 FourierTransformedInfrared 241
6.3.4.1 Oocytes 242
6.3.5 RamanMicrospectroscopy 243
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Contents xi
6.3.5.1 Sperm 243
6.3.5.2 Oocytes 244
6.3.6 CoherentAnti-StokesRaman 246
6.3.6.1 Oocytes 247
6.3.7 OpticalQuadratureMicroscopy 247
6.3.7.1 Embryos 248
6.3.8 PhaseSubtraction 248
6.3.8.1 Embryo 249
6.3.9 OpticalCoherenceTomography(OCT) 250
6.3.9.1 Embryos 250
6.3.10 QuantitativeOrientationIndependentMicroscopy 251
6.3.10.1 Sperm 251
6.3.11 BiodynamicImaging 251
6.3.11.1 Oocytes 253
6.3.11.2 Embryos 254
6.3.12 Multi-ModalMicroscopy 254
6.3.12.1 Embryo 254
6.4 Conclusion 255
References 256
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7 ClinicalApplicationofMethodstoSelectInVitro
FertilizedEmbryos 267
KirstineKirkegaard,ThomasF.Dyrlund,andHansJakobIngerslev
7.1 Introduction 267
7.2 MorphologicalAssessment 268
7.2.1 TraditionalMorphologicalEvaluation 268
7.2.2 Time-LapseImaging 270
7.3 GenomicandTranscriptomicAnalysis 279
7.3.1 EmbryoBiopsy 279
7.3.2 Pre-ImplantationScreening(PGS) 280
7.3.3 GeneExpression 283
7.3.3.1 CumulusCells 283
7.3.3.2 Embryos 284
7.4 AnalysisofConditionedCultureMedium 285
7.4.1 Metabolism 286
7.4.2 Proteomics 289
7.4.3 microRNA 293
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