Human Physiology. The Mechanisms of Body Function

803 Pages·2000·16.21 MB·english

by  Arthur J-Luciano

Vander et al.: Human Front Matter Abbreviations Used in the © The McGraw−Hill
Physiology: The Text Companies, 2001
Mechanism of Body
Function, Eighth Edition
ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE TEXT
A actin, adenine CP creatine phosphate G guanine
A surface area CPK creatine phosphokinase g gram
ACE angiotensin converting enzyme CPR cardiopulmonary resuscitation G phase “time out” phase of cell
0
acetyl CoA acetyl coenzyme A Cr creatinine cycle
ACh acetylcholine CRH corticotropin releasing hormone G phase first gap phase of cell cycle
1
ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone CSF cerebrospinal fluid, colony- G phase second gap phase of cell
2
(adrenocorticotropin, stimulating factor cycle
corticotropin) CTP cytosine triphosphate GABA gamma-aminobutyric acid
ADCC antibody-dependent cellular cyclic AMP cyclic 3(cid:2),5(cid:2)-adenosine GDP guanosine diphosphate
cytotoxicity monophosphate GFR glomerular filtration rate
ADH antidiuretic hormone GH growth hormone
(vasopressin) d dalton GHRH growth hormone releasing
ADP adenosine diphosphate DA dopamine hormone
AIDS acquired immune deficiency DAG diacylglycerol G inhibitory G protein
i
syndrome (cid:1) change GI gastrointestinal
alv alveoli (cid:1)E internal energy liberated GIP glucose-dependent insulinotropic
AMP adenosine monophosphate DHEA dihydroepiandrosterone peptide
ANF atrial natriuretic factor (cid:1)P pressure difference GLP-1 glucagon-like peptide-1
AP action potential DKA diabetic ketoacidosis GMP guanosine monophosphate
APC antigen-presenting cell dl deciliter GnRH gonadotropin releasing
atm atmosphere DNA deoxyribonucleic acid hormone
ATP adenosine triphosphate DP diastolic pressure G stimulating G protein
s
AV atrioventricular DPG 2,3-diphosphoglycerate GTP guanosine triphosphate
BM basement membrane e(cid:3) electron H hydrogen (H(cid:1)hydrogen ion)
BMI body mass index E electric potential difference, voltage, H heat
BMR basal metabolic rate internal energy h hour
E epinephrine, enzyme Hb deoxyhemoglobin
C Celsius (centigrade), creatine, ECF extracellular fluid HbH deoxyhemoglobin
cytosine, carbon, capillary, ECG electrocardiogram HbO oxyhemoglobin
2
cervical ECL enterochromaffin-like cell HCl hydrochloric acid
C clearance, concentration ECT electroconvulsive therapy HCO (cid:3) bicarbonate ion
3
Ca calcium (Ca2(cid:1)calcium ion) EDRF endothelium-derived relaxing HDL high-density lipoprotein
cal calorie factor HGF hematopoietic growth factor
CAM cell adhesion molecule EDV end-diastolic volume HIV human immunodeficiency virus
cAMP cyclic 3(cid:2),5(cid:2)-adenosine EEG electroencephalogram H O hydrogen peroxide
2 2
monophosphate EF ejection fraction HPO 2(cid:3), H PO (cid:3) phosphate ion,
4 2 4
CCK cholecystokinin EKG electrocardiogram inorganic orthophosphate
C creatinine clearance EP endogenous pyrogen HR heart rate
Cr
cdc kinases cell division cycle kinases Epi epinephrine 5-HT serotonin, 5-hydroxytryptamine
CG chorionic gonadotropin EPP end-plate potential Hz hertz, or cycles per second
C glucose clearance EPSP excitatory postsynaptic potential
G
cGMP cyclic 3(cid:2),5(cid:2)-guanosine ES enzyme-substrate complex I current
monophosphate ESV end systolic volume IDDM insulin-dependent diabetes
CGRP calcitonin gene-related peptide ET-1 endothelin-1 mellitus
C intracellular concentration (cid:2)(eta) fluid viscosity IF interstitial fluid
i
CK creatine kinase Ig immunoglobulin
C lung compliance F net flux, flow IGF-I insulin-like growth factor I
L
Cl chlorine (Cl(cid:3)chloride ion) FAD flavine adenine dinucleotide IGF-II insulin-like growth factor II
cm centimeter Fe iron IL-1 interleukin 1
CNS central nervous system FEV forced expiratory volume in 1 s IL-2 interleukin 2
1
CO carbon monoxide, cardiac output FFA free fatty acid IL-6 interleukin 6
C extracellular concentration f influx In inulin
o i
CO carbon dioxide f efflux in inch
2 o
CoA coenzyme A FRC functional residual capacity IP inositol trisphosphate
3
XCOOH carboxyl group (XCOO(cid:3) FSH follicle-stimulating hormone IPSP inhibitory postsynaptic potential
carboxyl ion) ft feet IUD intrauterine device
COX cyclooxygenase FVC forced vital capacity
Vander et al.: Human Front Matter Abbreviations Used in the © The McGraw−Hill
Physiology: The Text Companies, 2001
Mechanism of Body
Function, Eighth Edition
JG juxtaglomerular NE norepinephrine RNA ribonucleic acid
JGA juxtaglomerular apparatus NFP net filtration pressure RQ respiratory quotient
ng nanogram rRNA ribosomal RNA
K potassium (K(cid:1)potassium ion) XNH amino group (XNH (cid:1)ionized
2 3
kcal kilocalorie amino group) s second, sacral
kg kilogram NH ammonia S substrate, substance
3
km/h kilometer per hour NH (cid:1) ammonium ion S phase synthesis phase of cell cycle
4
k permeability constant NIDDM noninsulin-dependent SA sinoatrial
p
diabetes mellitus SAD seasonal affective disorder
L liter, lumbar NK cell natural killer cell SE substrate-enzyme complex
L tube length nm nanometer SERM selective estrogen receptor
lb pound nM nanomolar modulator
LDH lactate dehydrogenase nmol nanomol (cid:3)SH sulfhydryl group
LDL low-density lipoprotein NO nitric oxide SO 2(cid:3) sulfate ion
4
LH luteinizing hormone NPY neuropeptide Y SP systolic pressure
l optimal length NREM nonrapid eye movement SR sarcoplasmic reticulum
o
LSD lysergic acid diethylamide NSAIDs nonsteroidal anti- SRY sex-determining region on the Y
LTD long-term depression inflammatory drugs chromosome
LTP long-term potentiation SS somatostatin
O oxygen SSRIs serotonin-specific reuptake
2
m meter, milli- O (cid:4)(cid:3) superoxide anion inhibitors
2
M molar, myosin XOH(cid:3) hydroxyl group STD sexually transmitted disease
M° activated myosin OH(cid:4) hydroxyl radical SV stroke volume
M phase mitosis phase of cell cycle 1,25-(OH) D 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin
2 3
MAC membrane attack complex D T thymine, thoracic
3
MAP mean arterial pressure Osm osmolar T triiodothyronine
3
mEq milliequivalent T thyroxine
4
MES microsomal enzyme system p pico TENS transcutaneous electric nerve
mg milligram P product stimulation
Mg magnesium (Mg2(cid:1)magnesium P partial pressure, pressure, t-PA tissue plasminogen activator
ion) permeability, plasma T tubule transverse tubule
MHC major histocompatibility concentration of a substance TBW total body water
complex PAH para-aminohippurate TFPI tissue factor pathway inhibitor
mi mile P alveolar pressure TH thyroid hormones
alv
mi/h miles per hour P atmospheric pressure TIA transient ischemic attack
atm
MIS Müllerian inhibiting substance P Bowman’s space pressure T transport maximum
BS m
min minute P glomerular capillary pressure TNF tumor necrosis factor
GC
miu milli international units PF platelet factor TPR total peripheral resistance
ml milliliter pg picogram TRH thyrotropin releasing hormone
mM millimolar PGA prostaglandin of the Atype tRNA transfer RNA
mmol millimol PGE prostaglandin of the E type TSH thyroid-stimulating hormone
mm millimeter PGE prostaglandin E
2 2
mmHg millimeters of mercury PGI prostacyclin, prostaglandin I U uracil
2 2
mol mole PHI peptide histidine isoleucine U urine concentration of a substance
mOsm milliosmolar PHM peptide histidine methionine UTP uracil triphosphate
mOsmol milliosmol P inorganic phosphate
i
mRNA messenger RNA PIH prolactin inhibiting hormone V volume, volume of urine per unit
ms millisecond P intrapleural pressure time
ip
(cid:3)g microgram PIP phosphatidylinositol VIP vasoactive intestinal peptide
2
(cid:3)l microliter bisphosphate V lung volume
L
(cid:3)m micrometer pM picomolar VLDL very low density lipoprotein
(cid:3)M micromolar PMDD premenstrual dysphoric Va max maximal oxygen
O2
(cid:3)mol micromol disorder consumption
(cid:3)V microvolt PMS premenstrual syndrome vWF von Willebrand factor
mV millivolt PRF prolactin releasing factor
PRG primary response gene W work
n any whole number P plasma concentration of substance s
s
N nitrogen x general term for any substance
Na sodium (Na(cid:1)sodium ion) R remainder of molecule, resistance
NAD(cid:1) nicotinamide adenine r inside radius of tube
dinucleotide REM rapid eye movement
Vander et al.: Human Front Matter Preface © The McGraw−Hill
Physiology: The preface Companies, 2001
Mechanism of Body
Function, Eighth Edition
Preface
T
Goals and Orientation (Chapter 7) for membrane receptors, and again in Part
Three (Chapter 20) for antibodies. In this manner, the
The purpose of this book remains what it was in the student is helped to see the basic foundations upon
first seven editions: to present the fundamental prin- which more complex functions such as homeostatic
ciples and facts of human physiology in a format that neuroendocrine and immune responses are built.
is suitable for undergraduate students, regardless of Another example: Rather than presenting, in a
academic backgrounds or fields of study: liberal arts, single chapter, a gland-by-gland description of all
biology, nursing, pharmacy, or other allied health pro- the hormones, we give a description of the basic
fessions. The book is also suitable for dental students, principles of endocrinology in Chapter 10, but then
and many medical students have also used previous save the details of individual hormones for later
editions to lay the foundation for the more detailed chapters. This permits the student to focus on the
coverage they receive in their courses. functions of the hormones in the context of the home-
The most significant feature of this book is its clear, ostatic control systems in which they participate.
up-to-date, accurate explanations of mechanisms,
rather than the mere description of facts and events.
Alternative Sequences
Because there are no limits to what can be covered in
an introductory text, it is essential to reinforce over and
Given the inevitable restrictions of time, our organi-
over, through clear explanations, that physiology can
zation permits a variety of sequences and ap-
be understood in terms of basic themes and principles.
proaches to be adopted. Chapter 1 should definitely
As evidenced by the very large number of flow dia-
be read first as it introduces the basic themes that
grams employed, the book emphasizes understanding
dominate the book. Depending on the time available,
based on the ability to think in clearly defined chains
the instructor’s goals, and the students’ backgrounds
of causal links. This approach is particularly evident
in physical science and cellular and molecular biol-
in our emphasis of the dominant theme of human
ogy, the chapters of Part One can be either worked
physiology and of this book—homeostasisas achieved
through systematically at the outset or be used more
through the coordinated function of homeostatic con-
selectively as background reading in the contexts of
trol systems.
Parts Two and Three.
To repeat, we have attempted to explain, integrate,
In Part Two, the absolutely essential chapters
and synthesize information rather than simply to
are, in order, Chapters 7, 8, 10, and 11, for they
describe, so that students will achieve a working
present the basic concepts and facts relevant to
knowledge of physiology, not just a memory bank of
homeostasis, intercellular communication, signal
physiological facts. Since our aim has been to tell a co-
transduction, nervous and endocrine systems, and
herent story, rather than to write an encyclopedia, we
muscle. This material, therefore, is critical for an un-
have been willing to devote considerable space to the
derstanding of Part Three.
logical development of difficult but essential concepts;
We believe it is best to begin the coordinated
examples are second messengers (Chapter 7), mem-
body functions of Part Three with circulation (Chap-
brane potentials (Chapter 8), and the role of intrapleural
ter 14), but otherwise the chapters of Part Three, as
pressure in breathing (Chapter 15).
well as Chapters 9, 12, and 13 of Part Two, can be re-
In keeping with our goals, the book progresses
arranged and used or not used to suit individual in-
from the cell to the body, utilizing information and
structor’s preferences and time availability.
principles developed previously at each level of com-
plexity. One example of this approach is as follows:
the characteristics that account for protein specificity are Revision Highlights
presented in Part One (Chapter 4), and this concept is
used there to explain the “recognition” process exhib- There were two major goals for this revision: (1) to
ited by enzymes. It is then used again in Part Two redo the entire illustration program (and give the
xvi
Vander et al.: Human Front Matter Preface © The McGraw−Hill
Physiology: The Companies, 2001
Mechanism of Body
Function, Eighth Edition
PREFACE xvii
general layout of the book a “face-lift”) for greater response to suggestions by our colleagues, many top-
teaching effectiveness, clarity, consistency, and esthetic ics have either been significantly altered or added for
appeal; and (2) to update all material and assure the the first time in this edition; the following is a partial
greatest accuracy possible. list of these topics.
Illustration Program Chapter 1 Introductory section: “The Scope of Human
Almost all the figures have been redone to some ex- Physiology”
tent, ranging from a complete redrawing of the figure Chapter 2 New figures: Hemoglobin molecule, DNA
double helix base pairings, purine-pyrimidine
to simply changing the labeling of graph axes for
hydrogen bond pairings
greater clarity. Figures 20–1 and 20–10 (Figure 20–9 in
Chapter 3 Cholesterol in membrane function
the previous edition) provide examples of how a more
Procedures for studying cell organelles
realistic three-dimensional perspective has been added
Endosomes
to many of the figures, and Figure 20–13 (Figure
Peroxisomes
20–12 in the previous edition) shows how the pictur-
Chapter 5 Mitochondrial DNA
ing of complex events has been improved. Also, even
Preinitiation complex
when a specific part of the text has not required revi-
Factors altering the activity of specific cell proteins
sion, we have added some new figures (for example,
Protein delivery and entry into mitochondria
Figure 20–7) to illustrate the text, particularly in the
Regulation of cell division at checkpoints in mitotic
case of material we know to be difficult.
cycle
Of course, the extensive use of flow diagrams,
Chapter 6 Patch clamping
which we introduced in our first edition, has been
Primary active-transport mechanisms
continued. Conventions, which have been expanded
Digitalis and inhibition of Na,K-ATPase
in this edition, are used in these diagrams through-
Cystic fibrosis chloride channel
out the book to enhance learning. Look, for example,
Endocytosis
at Figure 16–28. The beginning and ending boxes of
New figures illustrating transporter conformational
the flow diagram are in green, and the beginning is
changes
further clarified by the use of a “Begin” logo. Blue
Chapter 7 Paracrine/autocrine agents
three-dimensional boxes are used to denote events
Melatonin and brain pacemakers
that occur inside organs and tissues (identified by
Receptors as tyrosine kinases and guanylyl cyclase
bold-faced underlined labels in the upper right of the
JAK kinases and receptors
boxes), so that the reader can easily pick out the
Phospholipase, diacylglycerol, and inositol
anatomic entities that participate in the sequences of
trisphosphate
events. The participation of hormones in the se-
Calcium-induced calcium release
quences stand out by the placing of changes in their
Receptor inactivation
plasma concentrations in reddish/orange boxes. Sim-
Chapter 8 Regeneration of neurons
ilarly, changes in urinary excretion are shown in yel-
Comparison of voltage-gated sodium and potassium
low boxes. All other boxes are purple. Thus, color is
channels
used in these diagrams for particular purposes, not
Information on neurotransmitters
just for the sake of decoration.
Functional anatomy of the central nervous system
Other types of color coding are also now used con-
Chapter 9 Pain
sistently throughout the book. Thus, to take just a few
Olfaction
examples, there are specific colors for the extracellular
Chapter 10 Diagnosis of the site of a hormone
fluid, the intracellular fluid, muscle, particular mole- abnormality
cules (the two strands of DNA, for example), and the Chapter 11 Passive elastic properties and role of titan
lumen of the renal tubules and GI tract. Even a quick Factors causing fatigue
perusal of Chapter 20 will reveal how consistent use Role of nitric oxide in relaxing smooth muscle
of different colors for the different types of lympho- Chapter 12 Cortical control of motor behavior
cytes, as well as macrophages, should help learning. Parkinson’s disease
Effect of the corticospinal pathways on local-level
Updating of Material
neurons
Once again, we have considerably rewritten material Walking
to improve clarity of presentation. In addition, as noted Chapter 13 Electroencephalogram
above, most figures have been extensively redone, and Sleep
new figures have been added (only a few of these are Binding problem
listed below). Finally, as a result of new research or in Emotions
Vander et al.: Human Front Matter Preface © The McGraw−Hill
Physiology: The Companies, 2001
Mechanism of Body
Function, Eighth Edition
xviii PREFACE
Schizophrenia Parturition and placental corticotropin releasing
Serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) hormone
Learning and memory, and their neural bases Postcoital contraception
Chapter 14 Erythropoietin mechanism of action Lack of crossing-over in X and Ychromosomes
Anti-angiogenic factors in treatment of cancer ACTH and onset of puberty
Capillary filtration coefficient Leptin and onset of puberty
Shock Tamoxifen and selective estrogen receptor modulators
Static exercise and blood pressure (SERMs)
Aging and heart rate Chapter 20 Carbohydrates and lipids as nonspecific
Drug therapy for hypertension, heart failure, and markers on foreign cells
coronary artery disease C-reactive protein and other nonspecific opsonins
Dysfunctional endothelium in atherosclerosis Apoptosis of immune cells
Homocysteine, folate, and vitamin E in atherosclerosis Mechanism by which diversity arises in lymphocytes
Coronary stents Tumor necrosis factor and lymphocyte activation
Nitric oxide and peripheral veins Roles of acute phase proteins
Platelet receptors for fibrinogen Mechanisms of immune tolerance
Therapy of stroke with t-PA Psychological stress and disease
Chapter 15 Pulmonary vessels and gravitational/physical Also, our coverage of pathophysiology, everyday ap-
forces plications of physiology, exercise physiology, and mol-
Hemoglobin cooperativity ecular biology have again been expanded.
Carbon monoxide and oxygen carriage Despite many additions, a ruthless removal of ma-
Emphysema terial no longer deemed essential has permitted us to
Chapter 16 Mesangial cells and glomerular filtration maintain the text size unchanged from the previous
coefficient edition.
Channels, transporters, and genetic renal diseases Finally, The Dynamic HumanCD-ROM is correlated
Micturition, including role of sympathetic neurons to several figures. ADynamic Human (dancing man)
Aquaporins icon appears in appropriate figure legends. The
Medullary circulation and urinary concentration WCB Life Science Animations Videotape Series is also
Pressure natriuresis correlated to several figure legends, and videotape
Calcitonin icons appear in relevant figure legends.
Bisphosphonates and osteoporosis
Chapter 17 Colipase and fat digestion
HCl secretion and inhibitory role of somatostatin
Study Aids
Intestinal fluid secretion and absorption
Chapter 18 Inhibition of glucagon secretion by insulin Avariety of pedagogical aids are utilized:
Roles of HDLand LDL
IGF-I and fetal growth 1. Bold-faced key termsthroughout each chapter.
IGF-II Clinical terms are designated by bold-faced
Mechanism of calorigenic effect of thyroid hormones italics.
Leptin effects on hypothalamus and anterior 2. The illustration program is described earlier in
pituitary the preface.
Overweight and obesity 3. Summary tables. We have increased the number
Fever and neural pathways from liver of reference and summary tables in this edition.
Endogenous cryogens Some summarize small or moderate amounts of
Chapter 19 Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) information (for example, the summary of the
Viagra (mechanism of action) major hormones influencing growth in Table
Therapy of prostate cancer with blockers of 18–6), whereas others bring together large
dihydrotestosterone formation amounts of information that may be scattered
Mechanism of dominant follicle selection and function throughout the book (for example, the reference
Mechanism of corpus luteum regression figure of liver functions in Chapter 17). In
Estrogen effect in males several places, mini-glossaries are included as
Cause of premenstrual tension, syndrome, and reference tables in the text (for example, the list
dysphoric disorder of immune-system cells and chemical mediators
Estrogen, learning, and Alzheimer’s disease in Chapter 20). Because the tables complement
Oxytocin and sperm transport the figures, these two learning aids taken
Vander et al.: Human Front Matter Preface © The McGraw−Hill
Physiology: The Companies, 2001
Mechanism of Body
Function, Eighth Edition
PREFACE xix
together provide a rapid means of reviewing the tools needed for teaching on-line, or for
most important material in a chapter. incorporating technology in the traditional
4. End-of-section or chapter study aids course.
a. Extensive summaries in outline form 3. The Student Study Guideis now available as part
b. Key-term lists of all bold-faced words in the of the Online Learning Center. Written by
section/chapter (excluding the clinical terms) Donna Van Wynsberghe of the University of
c. Comprehensive review questions in essay Wisconsin—Milwaukee, it contains a large
format. These review questions, in essence, variety of study aids, including learning hints
constitute a complete list of learning objectives. and many test questions with answers.
d. Clinical term lists of all bold-face italicized 4. Instructor’s Manual and Test Item File(007-290803-3)
words in the chapter. This serves to remind the by Sharon Russell of the University of
student of how the physiology has been applied California—Berkeley contains suggestions for
to clinical examples in the chapter. teaching, as well as a complete test item file.
e. Thought questions that challenge the student 5. MicroTest III testing software.Available in
to go beyond the memorization of facts to solve Windows (007-290805-X) and Macintosh (007-
problems, often presented as case histories or 290804-1). Acomputerized test generator for use
experiments. Complete Answers to Thought with the text allows for quick creation of tests
Questions are given in Appendix A. based on questions from the test item file and
The chapter summaries, key-term definition lists, requires no programming experience.
and review questions appear at the ends of the sec- 6. Overhead transparencies(007-290806-8). Aset of
tions in those chapters that are broken into sections. 200 full-color transparencies representing the
These aids appear at the ends of nonsectioned chap- most important figures from the book is
ters. Clinical term lists and thought questions are al- available to instructors.
ways at the ends of chapters. 7. McGraw-Hill Visual Resource Library(007-290807-6).
5. Avery extensive glossary, with pronunciation ACD-ROM containing all of the line art from the
guides, is provided in Appendix B. text with an easy-to-use interface program
6. Appendixes C and D present, respectively, enabling the user to quickly move among the
English-metric interconversions and images, show or hide labels, and create a
Electrophysiology equations. Appendix E is an multimedia presentation.
outline index of exercise physiology.
7. Acomplete alphabetized list of all abbreviations
Other Materials Available
used in the text is given on the endpapers (the
insides of the book’s covers). from McGraw-Hill
8. The Dynamic HumanCD-ROM (0697-38935-9)
Supplements illustrates the important relationships between
anatomical structures and their functions in the
1. Essential Study Partner(007-235897-1). This human body. Realistic computer visualization
CD-ROM is an interactive study tool packed and three-dimensional visualizations are the
with hundreds of animations and learning premier features of this CD-ROM. Various
activities, including quizzes, and interactive figures throughout this text are correlated to
diagrams. Aself-quizzing feature allows students modules of The Dynamic Human.See pages xxvi–
to check their knowledge of a topic before xxvii for a detailed listing of figures.
moving on to a new module. Additional unit 9. The Dynamic Human Videodisc(0-667-38937-5)
exams give students the opportunity to review contains all the animations (200(cid:1)) from the
coverage after completing entire units. Alarge CD-ROM. Abar code directory is also available.
number of anatomical supplements are also 10. Life Science Animations Videotape Seriesis a series
included. The ESPis packaged free with of five videotapes containing 53 animations that
textbooks. cover many of the key physiological processes.
2. Online Learning Center(http://www.mhhe.com/ Another videotape containing similar animations
biosci/ap/vander8e/). Students and instructors is also available, entitled Physiological Concepts of
gain access to a world of opportunities through Life Science.Various figures throughout this text
this Web site. Students will find quizzes, are correlated to animations from the Life Science
activities, links, suggested readings, and much Animations.See pages xxvii–xxviii for a detailed
more. Instructors will find all the enhancement listing of figures.
Vander et al.: Human Front Matter Preface © The McGraw−Hill
Physiology: The Companies, 2001
Mechanism of Body
Function, Eighth Edition
xx PREFACE
Tape 1: Chemistry, The Cell, Energetics (0-697- Study Cards offer a quick and effective way for
25068-7) students to review human anatomy and
Tape 2: Cell Division, Heredity, Genetics, physiology.
Reproduction and Development (0-697-25069-5) 18. Coloring Guide to Anatomy and Physiology(0-697-
Tape 3: Animal Biology I (0-697-25070-9) 17109-4) by Robert and Judith Stone emphasizes
Tape 4: Animal Biology II (0-697-25071-7) learning through the process of color association.
Tape 5: Plant Biology, Evolution, and Ecology The Coloring Guide provides a thorough review
(0-697-26600-1) of anatomical and physiological concepts.
Tape 6: Physiological Concepts of Life Science 19. Atlas of the Skeletal Muscles(0-697-13790-2) by
(0-697-21512-1) Robert and Judith Stone is a guide to the
11. Life Science Animations 3D CD-ROM structure and function of human skeletal
(007-234296-X). More than 120 animations that muscles. The illustrations help students locate
illustrate key biological processes are available at muscles and understand their actions.
your fingertips on this exciting CD-ROM. This 20. Laboratory Atlas of Anatomy and Physiology(0-697-
CD contains all of the animations found on the 39480-8) by Eder, et al., is a full-color atlas
Essential Study Partnerand much more. The containing histology, human skeletal anatomy,
animations can be imported into presentation human muscular anatomy, dissections, and
programs, such as PowerPoint. Imagine the reference tables.
benefit of showing the animations during lecture. 21. Case Histories in Human Physiology, third edition,
12. Life Science Animations 3D Videotape(007-290652-9). by Donna Van Wynesberghe and Gregory Cooley
Featuring 42 animations of key biologic is a web-based workbook that stimulates
processes, this tape contains 3D animations and analytical thinking through case studies and
is fully narrated. Various figures throughout this problem solving; includes an instructor’s answer
text are correlated to video animations. See page key. (www.mhhe.com/biosci/ap/vanwyn/).
xxviii for a detailed listing of figures. 22. Survey of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases(0-697-
13. Life Science Living LexiconCD-ROM (0-697-37993-0 27535-3) by Kent M. Van De Graaff is a black-
hybrid) contains a comprehensive collection of and-white booklet that presents the essential
life science terms, including definitions of their information on 100 of the most common and
roots, prefixes, and suffixes as well as audio clinically significant diseases.
pronunciations and illustrations. The Lexicon is
student-interactive, featuring quizzing and
notetaking capabilities. Acknowledgments
14. The Virtual Physiology LabCD-ROM (0-697-37994-9
hybrid) containing 10 dry labs of the most We are grateful to those colleagues who read one or
common and important physiology experiments. more chapters during various stages of this revision:
15. Anatomy and Physiology Videodisc(0-697-27716-X)
Jennifer Carr Burtwistle
is a four-sided videodisc containing more than
Northeast Community College
30 animations of physiological processes, as well
as line art and micrographs. Abar code directory Nicholas G. Despo
is also available. Thiel College
16. Anatomy and Physiology Video Seriesconsists of
Jean-Pierre Dujardin
the following:
The Ohio State University
a. Internal Organs and the Circulatory System of
the Cat (0-697-13922-0) David A. Gapp
b. Blood Cell Counting, Identification & Hamilton College
Grouping (0-697-11629-8)
H. Maurice Goodman
c. Introduction to the Human Cadaver and
University of Massachusetts Medical School
Prosection (0-697-11177-6)
d. Introduction to Cat Dissection: Musculature David L. Hammerman
(0-697-11630-1) Long Island University
17. Study Cards for Anatomy and Physiology(007-
Dona Housh
290818-1) by Van De Graaff, et al., is a boxed set
University of Nebraska Medical Center
of 300 3-by-5 inch cards. It serves as a well-
organized and illustrated synopsis of the Sarah N. Jerome
structure and function of the human body. The University of Central Arkansas
Vander et al.: Human Front Matter Preface © The McGraw−Hill
Physiology: The Companies, 2001
Mechanism of Body
Function, Eighth Edition
PREFACE xxi
Fred Karsch Leeann Sticker
University of Michigan Northwestern State University of Louisiana
Stephanie Burdine King James D. Stockand
Wood College Emory University
Steven L. Kunkel Richard Stripp
University of Michigan Medical School Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy,
Long Island University
Michael G. Levitzky
Louisiana State University Medical Center Donna Van Wynsberghe
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
Joseph V. Martin
Rutgers University Samuel J. Velez
Dartmouth College
John L. McCarthy
Southern Methodist University Benjamin Walcott
SUNYat Stony Brook
Kerry McDonald
University of Missouri Curt Walker
Dixie College
Philip Nelson
Barstow College R. Douglas Watson
University of Alabama at Birmingham
C. S. Nicoll
University of California, Berkeley Scott Wells
Missouri Southern State College
Colleen J. Nolan
St. Mary’s University Eric P. Widmaier
Boston University
David Quadagno
Florida State University Judy Williams
Southeastern Oklahoma State University
Sharon M. Russell
University of California, Berkeley John Q. Zhang
Sherman College of Straight Chiropractic
Allen F. Sanborn
Barry University Their advice was very useful in helping us to be
accurate and balanced in our coverage. We hope that
David J. Saxon
they will be understanding of the occasions when we
Morehead State University
did not heed their advice, and we are, of course, solely
Amanda Starnes responsible for any errors that have crept in. We would
Emory University like to express our appreciation to Kris Tibbetts, Spon-
soring Editor; Pat Anglin, Developmental Editor; and
Edward K. Stauffer
Peggy Selle, Project Manager.
University of Minnesota
To our parents, and to Judy, Peggy,
and Joe without whose understanding
it would have been impossible
Vander et al.: Human Front Matter Visual Tour © The McGraw−Hill
Physiology: The Companies, 2001
Mechanism of Body
Function, Eighth Edition
human
PART ONE BASIC CELL FUNCTIONS
Physiology
The Mechanisms of
Body Function
Visual Tour
chapter
16
C H A P T E R
Beautifully Rendered
_
Full-color Art
The Kidneys and Regulation of Water
and Inorganic Ions Almost all of the figures have been
redone in this edition, ranging from a
complete redrawing of the figure to
SECTION A Renal Sodium Regulation SECTION D
BRSBteAarnsPUGTTSuiuuaIHlcrcobbCli tmYuu nR uFllPSaeaaeurrrrIRrneu OnySRIl aaNceeL orlcSatO C frbiFyPe oIGissttlProtnithYororLaespnecEtmti eoSioKns niOsdeFns eRyEsN aAnLd RAe SnTCCBOuaaoohsrmmnnloeSS ttreeo WrrmeccooRrcerrlleae eeacoopttsteriifftoopepy oGSnntr orooE F nrdCRRx isCoeuaenomgm tnurt toRporlleoa l aoelSt bfo:iw soVfo aneVrspaaosttpoioirpnnersgessinsin HSBIRnoeuYtunfoiCBDenfriarogceRc alnrtre LOrahiMbtsonGtro esegioonE socaB lfNnstoh oeH- fa Ido HOynHyfadNi nysrH dmdoRloirgnEsmogeGgneUeo-LinsoA tnIaTo tIGnOicsaN in stbhiemreepnel -ead dliamdbeeednli sntioog n mcahla anpnyeg rosepfs .et hcAte ir vefieag lhuisartesics for
TMSRTBEohEaiCtGsceAaaMR“SSSPCUaiDTtrEEEe nnorUcNieliCugCCCmIiun -ddtvTSCLOuDTTTraBoRpeiraoA oslIIIbia lNanr oeidWWOOOtiCunooynTtPiindc inNNN nosulgooIiOABaapetsan myO nnemcoooAAAttpcT l rtN free feoB ci AtR tvPSKRnbLurrfeW eae UEaSEtryrOroMa lrrsbaVY oSMSbaeaftFtoI eoItnh cesnEMT iUrmoRdroteeS”WE c rAi nM eRsbMuORpTei R:snernmMutQ uaD YieaT booaBnUtl SbhstIhunRlfeiEsAU ep lee oefSCC lSaMLrosiTTebpolhAuIrrest,Oa db i oNaSonSNWuriynrnCpuolSsea ettEAmdtsilenoosTmi ncuaEenmRd, TPSCEHMfEhoAoefCtiHRSSSBKGP1CSSreLtraTaEEEEEeo,miaCcaadso2rnCCCCCsnlIsttabcn5ImOtasoTTTTTeoU tir-etloihIIIIIoaD nNoyurOOOOOMeRylinsn inaim erhoNNNNNSciotd Cglnyse iR i duBBBCCd ttsBCRSEtlre a aioooHSKRSKnaGestsxUUEEiEnnao glioUyVYtYflsMMrte nvum oI L Tri EMATMTtlrorAoDoaWaaEE pfAAmnclTR RtCi stRPRepsiMMIQiaooYnYeOeUStSl naatcNDEssiiS3steuiTeusmImONS CSDDKEliiIaduUCAARSSSHSCCsnrTREEEEedHHeslenCCCCekdmIEiAAPATOtafTTTTyiaTPPrltoliliaIIIIaki NccTTlOOOOoIdRsanDoCsaEEmni elNNNNsaoRRsiESt psla ssoip yi lDDDEsie11aofssoA in66 anSnNsSKRN t,Uss aUCT EeEePeDotMVwHYLMsieo IfI O rMNtEMTn KBiotUWAEIAioA IcCRGAnDRc aRAMQHceYriYNLbdiaUTdS olEo oTEnQDYSsEsaiUiRTis ats IDMeElaO y SnaIsStNTSiodnsIS E,O tdAahNneSSdE (a) CMprlHoatsCesi nII Afrangtigmeennt BeginAntigeDne f(ebn)se Mgtehchraneeism as ocft thoee Brnod yccCeHlAaPpI(ATmBrnE-mtcRitgieu elTntl. nBorW eegycglEoeiNnbp uTtolYairn)7n03d understanding of
SECTION C REVIEW QUESTIONS
505
B Cell
Clapsrso ItIe MinHC Cprloatsesi nII MHC
huMacrmophage reHcTee plcpteeolrrl Cprloatsesi nII MHC Helper T-cell receptor Helper T Cell an
Helper T Cell
Nucleus Nucleus
Chapter Outline
Before you begin a chapter, it is FSeIqGueUnRceE o f2 e0ve–nt1s 0by which antigen is processed and presented to a helper T cell by (a) a macrophage or (b) a B cell. In
both cases, begin the figure with the antigen in the extracellular fluid.
important to have a broad overview of Adapted from Gray, Sette, and Buus.
what it covers. Each chapter has an pBr ceeslelns ti nan rteigspeno ntsoe h teol paenrt iTg ecnelilcs sitsi ma suelcaotniodnf,u tnhcet iootnh oerf Antigen-presenting cell
being the differentiation of the B cells into antibody-
outline that permits you to see at a secreting plasma cells.
The bindinPg between helper T-cell receptor and hy
antigen bound to class II MHC proteins on an APC is
glance how the chapter is organized the essential antigen-specificevent in helper T-cell acti-
vation. However, this binding by itself will not result
in T-cell activation. In addition, nonspecificinteractions
and what major topics are included. oocnc tuhre bseutrwfaeceens ootfh tehre (antotancahnetdig henelipc)e rp Tai rcse lol fa npdro AtePinCs, (see Figure 20-10)
and these provide a necessary costimulusfor T-cell ac-
p(tTsiIea vLccra-rea1teFlci)tloir,en ina naanl lael(odlF ryna gi,tg ggeutue hmwanreemto i st2ar oh o0nun n–ttneih 1gtct1esher ) one.cos iofcai ss tttt bhiafmieacn chudcteloyiudnrtso g h,(k TecoiNnlafp ueFetsshr) e, eisTnw AttchehePrielclC leh A ut otPako cCpi tnt rha oto1es- CMlHasCs pIIrotereincHTee pclpteoelrlr 1 2 ITLNmN-1oFantca3hnintigge pnriocteins
vide yet another important stimulus for activation. Helper T Cell
Thus, the APC participates in activation of a helper
T cell in three ways: (1) antigen presentation, (2) pro-
vanistiiogne noifc ap lcaossmtiam-muleums binr atnhee pforormte ionf, aan md a(t3c)h siencgr entoionn- FIGURE 20–11
of IL-1 and TNF (Figure 20–11). Three events are required for activation of helper T cells: 1
The activated helper T cell itself now secretes var- presentation of the antigen bound to a class II MHC protein
ious cytokines that have both autocrine effects on the on an antigen-presenting cell (APC); 2 the binding of
helper T cell and paracrine effects on adjacent B cells matching nonantigenic proteins in the plasma membranes
and any nearby cytotoxic T cells, NK cells, and still of the APC and the helper T cell; and 3 secretion by the
other cell types; we will pick up these stories in later APC of the cytokines interleukin 1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis
sections. factor (TNF), which act on the helper T cell.
Vander et al.: Human Front Matter Visual Tour © The McGraw−Hill
Physiology: The Companies, 2001
Mechanism of Body
Function, Eighth Edition bdcpbaoeairldnrleaedectd,teh l kdyyi rdpoionnari dreiatny hgtsdhel,ia yransrenuodcdrtisldf .ya g ,Tc atehsho te oorscorfeo mi nntghtotlreaenos netltd i,hnbsyya rapl o arrtei rodp adi rcnuogt —tctlpaeheinedand r neh, e bosbcyurkum b,t jeyoetamhncrteee-, ico(nForciimggreuiPpnaraeasernel al1s yta6h et–yixn2srtt8ogria)i m.dcfe uohlrlloa utrtlemhadreo ndcseaee lccecrrxieeueatrmistoes n dm c ouconolftc niepcntelhetnri staar tcaitothiionoon,nr sm ttthohhnuaaestt
Movementdcamcoi ciuestnoitmmntirng bofc crltl dao enfindMrreceo ebcmnctylat y orlitc ath.iot uelinPo em enatx r hcatrserteta huicmcsyeeeprulcloltlrueoaiedtlrtea) oss.rh r y oDcp arAaecmlrccearioleutclnahsms eyre( rdvpcooioriapdon ls dacaeh ussnpmoctlt rraaimoaCs ntmoci oanailenes-- ll 1M.Iocetaxs eltdtceriiaorumcecmeclaltl lsu(ytbasl nai,n rdwr c frphlaeuhiaciosdnhes. spr eehtshauestle tr)se fsirnoo rmtphCt eibo omnHn oeov fi enAbmtooennPet boyTfER SIX
Color-coded Illustrations Begin
Plasma calcium
Color-coding is effectively used to
promote learning. For example, there Parathyroid hormPonarea tsheycrroeidti ognlands
are specific colors for the extracellular
Plasma parathyroid hormone
fluid, the intracellular fluid, muscle,
and the lumen of the renal tubules and
Kidneys Bone
GI tract. r ePahbossoprhpatioten reCabaslcoirupmtio n 1,2fo5r–m(OatHio)n2D3 Resorption
Movement of Molecules Across Cell MembranesCHAPTER SIX125 Uorfin pahroy sepxhcaretetion Urionfa crya lecxiucmretion 1,2 5 P–l(aOsHm)a2D3 Releinatsoe p olaf scmalacium
The net movement from lower to higher concen- the extracellular fluid and has a high affinity because
tration and the maintenance of a higher steady-state the protein has been phosphorylated on its intracellu- Plasma phosphate Intestine
caochniceevnetdra otinolny boyn thone ec osnidtien uoofu sa inmpeumt obfr aennee rgcayn i nbtoe lwarh esnu rtfhaec et rbayn sApTorPt.e Tr hisi si np hthoes pcohnofroyrlamtiaotnio no cschuorws non olny Calcium absorption
the active-transport process. This energy can (1) alter the left side of the figure. (2) The transported solute in
the affinity of the binding site on the transporter such the extracellular fluid binds to the high-affinity bind-
tmheamt ibt rhaanse a thhiagnh ewr haeffni nfiatcyi nwgh tehne f aocthinegr osindee s; iodre (o2f) tahle- ipnogs es tithee. bRinanddinogm s itteh etorm onale soisdceil olaft tihone sm reempebartaendel,y t heexn- Restoration of plasma calcium toward normal
ter the rates at which the binding site on the trans- to the other, independent of the protein’s phosphory-
porter is shifted from one surface to the other. lation. (3) Removal of the phosphate group from the
To repeat, in order to move molecules from a lower transporter decreases the affinity of the binding site, FIGURE 16–28
concentration (lower energy state) to a higher concen- leading to (4) the release of the transported solute into Reflexes by which a reduction in plasma calcium concentration is restored toward normal via the actions of parathyroid
tTrhaetiroenfo (rhe,i gahcetirv ee nterargnysp sotratt em), uesnt ebreg yc omupulsetd b teo atdhde esdi-. tthuern iendtr taoc ethlleu leaxrt rfaluciedll.u Wlahr efanc teh oef ltohwe -mafefminbitrya nsiete b iys trhee- hormone. See Figure 16–29 for a more complete description of 1,25-(OH)2D3.
multaneous flow of some energy source from a higher random oscillation of the transporter (5), it is in a con-
energy level to a lower energy level. Two means of cou- formation which again permits phosphorylation, and
pling an energy flow to transporters are known: (1) the the cycle can be repeated.
direct use of ATPin primary active transport, and To see why this will lead to movement from low
(2) the use of an ion concentration difference across a to higher concentration (that is, uphill movement),
membrane to drive the process in secondary active consider the flow of solute through the transporter at
transport. a point in time when the concentration is equal on the
Primary Active Transport The hydrolysis of ATPby ttow oth sei dheisg ohf- atfhfein mityem sibtera ante .t hMeo erxet sroaclueltleu wlairl ls buer fbaocue nodf Flow Diagrams
a transporter provides the energy for primary active the membrane than to the low-affinity site on the in-
transport. The transporter is an enzyme (an ATPase) tracellular surface. Thus more solute will move in than
tphraotc ecsast, aplyhzoessp htohrey lbatreesa kitdsoelwf. nP hoofs pAhToPrylaantdio,n ionf tthhee out wThhee mn athjoer tprarinmspaoryrt aecrt iovsec-itlrlaatnessp boerttw peroetne isnids efos.und Long a hallmark of this book, extensive
transporter protein (covalent modulation) changes the in most cells are (1) Na,K-ATPase; (2) Ca-ATPase; (3)
a6f–f1in1i tiyll uosft rthatee str athnes psoerqtuere’nsc seo oluf teev beinntds inlega dsiitneg. Ftiog uthree H-ANTPaa,Kse-A; aTnPda s(e4 )i sH p,Kre-sAeTntP ians ea.ll plasma membranes. use of flow diagrams have been
active transport (that is, transport from low to higher The pumping activity of this primary active-transport
concentration) of a solute into a cell. (1) Initially, the protein leads to the characteristic distribution of high continued and expanded in this
binding site for the transported solute is exposed to intracellular potassium and low intracellular sodium
edition. A bookmark has been included
ATP (1) ADP Intracellular fluid Pi (5) with your book to give a further
Pi (4) (3) explanation.
(2) The Digestion and Absorption of FoodCHAPTER SEVENTEEN557
TraTprnraosntpesoipnrotertde rs olute Binding site Extracellular fluid letuirnsma ali nrleau lms seuecnrrfe.a tTceedh eob fpy th rtoehd ieun ptcetassn tiocnrfa edla lisig naeinsntdgio cenen latlesrr,e w tahhbeis loeinr obtteehsd-- tovhcoerli vnseteod m fiunan cgchta,i sohtnraoss,i nbbtoeutshtt ioennnadlly of uctrnhicent eilo a(ntCt eharan pdatr eaer r ed1 8idr)ee acstnclrdyi b eienxd--
across the epithelial cells and enter the blood and/or in this chapter. The exocrine portion of the pancreas
FPannruIidmmG adbUreeyprR eahdEco ts sivpe6eqh-–uotrer1aynnl1casetpi ooonrft eomvf eotnhdtees lt.o raCcnchusaprnroignretges r d in(uc rotihnvega l ebtrniantnd msinpogod rstu.itlaet iaofnfi)n iatys ifto or sac itllraatnessp boerttewde esonl utwteo a creo npfroordmuacteiodn bs.y Speheo tsepxht ofroyrl atthioen lrsAyemnmqa uipTlnilrhh ieit.en i aeVtselnmi stzstaahyimnlmole riian.tn tstsi,ece s mgdtmiiingneeeen sirtsta, i ldotshin,v e,ai dandredued ow aidlnasetotnoe urat,hbm wrs,eoheirsi bcs eehfodg ldm lioonew nntehtosdet: sbietnreniacgczlar iyefrzrmbteoeodemsn sb(a i1yttnh)e t e thdih oesiegtn boessimms.c taTiaavrhclbelhe o i nenhwntaieogztseuyht iml indaoeec nii snisd f aa iitntcnhyt deti hvo a(eafc2 ttip)edh aae tnwh ccfeelrh urepyeiadam tnni ocerc it rfc clenhouae mituidinc--.
by the jejunumand then by the longest segment, the The liver,a large gland located in the upper right
ileum.Normally, most of the chyme entering from the portion of the abdomen, has a variety of functions,
stomach is digested and absorbed in the first quarter which are described in various chapters. This is a con-
of the small intestine, in the duodenum and jejunum. venient place to provide, in Table 17–1, a comprehen-
Two major glands—the pancreas and liver—se- sive reference list of these hepatic(the term means
crete substances that flow via ducts into the duode- “pertaining to the liver”) functions and the chapters in
num. The pancreas,an elongated gland located behind which they are described. We will be concerned in this
Summary Tables TABLE 17–1Summary of Liver Functions
A.Exocrine (digestive) functions (Chapter 17)
Some summary tables summarize small 12..SSyencrtehteessi zienst oa nthde s ebcilree tae sb bicialerb soanltas,t ew-rhicichh s oarluet inoenc,e wssharicyh f ohre lapdse nqeuuattrea ldizige easctiiodn i na nthde a dbusoordpetniounm o.f fats.
B.Endocrine functions
or moderate amounts of information 1.Idniv riesisopno nins ev atori ogurso wtistshu ehso, rimncolnued,i nsgec breotnees i(nCshualipnt-elirk e1 8g)r.owth factor I (IGF-I), which promotes growth by stimulating cell
2.Contributes to the activation of vitamin D (Chapter 16).
whereas others bring together large 34..FSoecrmrest etsr iaiondgoiothteynrosinnionge e(nT,3 )w fhroicmh itsh ayrcotexdin eu p(oTn4) b(Cy hreanpitne rt o1 0f)o.rm angiotensin I (Chapter 16).
5.Metabolizes hormones (Chapter 10).
6.Secretes cytokines involved in immune defenses (Chapter 20).
amounts of information that may be C.Clotting functions
1.Produces many of the plasma clotting factors, including prothrombin and fibrinogen (Chapter 14).
2.Produces bile salts, which are essential for the gastrointestinal absorption of vitamin K, which is, in turn, needed for
scattered throughout the book. The production of the clotting factors (Chapter 14).
ntables complement the accompanying D.P1.laShsymonrmath opensrieozset se( Cianhnsadp steecr r1et0e)s apnldas mtraac ea lbeluemmienn (tCs h(Caphtaeprt e1r4 )1,4 a)c, ulitpeo pphroatseei npsr o(Ctehinaps t(eCr h1a8p)t,e ar n2d0 )o, tbhienrd pinrogt epirnost eminesn ftoiorn veadr ioeulssewhere
in this table.
figures to provide a rapid means of E.1O.rgCaonnivce rmtse ptlaabsmolai sgmlu c(oCshea ipnttoe rg l1y8co)gen and triacylglycerols during absorptive period.
2.Converts plasma amino acids to fatty acids, which can be incorporated into triacylglycerols during absorptive period.
3.Synthesizes triacylglycerols and secretes them as lipoproteins during absorptive period.
reviewing the most important material 4.Prerloedausecse st hgel ugclousceo sfreo imnt og ltyhceo gbelono (dg.lycogenolysis) and other sources (gluconeogenesis) during postabsorptive period and
5.Converts fatty acids into ketones during fasting.
in a chapter. 6.Produces urea, the major end product of amino acid (protein) catabolism, and releases it into the blood.
F.Cholesterol metabolism (Chapter 18)
1.Synthesizes cholesterol and releases it into the blood.
2.Secretes plasma cholesterol into the bile.
3.Converts plasma cholesterol into bile salts.
G.Excretory and degradative functions
1.Secretes bilirubin and other bile pigments into the bile (Chapter 17).
2.Excretes, via the bile, many endogenous and foreign organic molecules as well as trace metals (Chapter 20).
3.Biotransforms many endogenous and foreign organic molecules (Chapter 20).
ysiolo4.Destroys old erythrocytes (Chapter 14). gy