Human Factors on the Flight Deck: Safe Piloting Behaviour in Practice PDF
Preview Human Factors on the Flight Deck: Safe Piloting Behaviour in Practice
Human Factors on the Flight Deck Hans-Joachim Ebermann Joachim Scheiderer Editors Human Factors on the Flight Deck Safe Piloting Behaviour in Practice 123 Editors Translator Hans-Joachim Ebermann StephenGilbert MainAirport Center GilbertTraining &Translations Vereinigung Cockpite.V. Beltheim-Heyweiler Frankfurt Germany JoachimScheiderer MainAirport Center Vereinigung Cockpite.V. Frankfurt Germany ISBN 978-3-642-31732-3 e-ISBN978-3-642-31733-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-31733-0 SpringerHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2012949057 (cid:2)Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2013 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionor informationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purposeofbeingenteredandexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthe work. 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Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Preface The primary task of an airline pilot is to bring his aircraft safely from point A to point B. The need to do this economically and comfortably is of secondary importance. Yet, the knowledge airline pilots must possess related to optimal accident prevention and the avoidance of ‘‘human error’’ still has room for improvement, despite many years of effort. Simulator training today focuses predominantly on technical system failure, eventhoughthishasbeenidentifiedasthesingledecisivefactorinonlyabout8% of all safety-critical incidents. It occurs in combination with other factors in another25%ofallincidents,whiletwo-thirdsoftheseincidentsaresolelyrelated to normal operations, which, at least in recurrent training, is afforded only very little attention. Pilots should know more about when and under which conditions accidents occurandhowtheycanbesensiblyavoidedinapreventativemanner.Therefore,it is precisely at this point that we focus our attention, providing extensive related examples and explanations in the chapters that follow. An essential component of accident prevention is safety-relevant behaviour, particularly as conveyed through Crew Resource Management (CRM). Over the past years, this has found broad application in the acquisition of the theoretical knowledge required for the Airline Transport Pilot License (ATPL). Unfortu- nately,thistheoreticalcontenthasnotbeenconveyedinthesamedepthofdetailto those who had already obtained their ATPL prior to this time. At the same time, the practical implementation of this material in the cockpit can be further improvedupon,aswell.OurdesireistosupportthisbyinitiallydefiningtheCRM contentascompletelyaspossible,thenbysubsequentlyshowinghowthismaterial can be transferred from the theoretical training into the cockpit by way of the necessary seminars. Of particular note is that this book was written almost invariably by airline pilots in their technical language and taking into account their daily professional activities. The material is therefore not overly theoretical, but rather straightfor- wardandquitesimply‘‘takenfrompracticalapplicationforpracticalapplication’’ and for implementation into the training program. v vi Preface Forthisreason,thebookshouldnotonlybeseenasanaidtoflightoperationsin the continuous development of their training programs; it supports the laborious taskofdeterminingthecontentmaterialforCRMtraining.Butitisalsoofvalueto theindividualpractitionerinhisself-studyeffortsand—asathirdgoal—itenables the German Airline Pilots’ Association, ‘‘Vereinigung Cockpit’’ (VC), to formu- late its position with respect to the legislative authorities. Notes TheauthorsspeakfortheVereinigungCockpite.V.(VC/German AirlinePilots’ Association) and are longstanding members of its Flight Safety working group. Thestatementsmadeinthisbookrelatetopilotsasaprofessionaltitleusingthe male gender. It is understood, of course, that they apply to the female gender in equal measure. ThisbookhasbeenwrittenbyGermanpilotsandtakesintoaccountneitherthe interests of an individual flight operation nor those of another cultural framework outside that of Central Europe. Frankfurt a. M., June 2012 Hans-Joachim Ebermann Joachim Scheiderer Contents 1 Accident Prevention. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Hans-Joachim Ebermann and Patrick Jordan 2 Information Assimilation and Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Dr. Gerhard Fahnenbruck 3 Human Error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Rolf Wiedemann 4 Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Hans-Ulrich Raulf 5 Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Hans-Joachim Ebermann and Dr. Gerhard Fahnenbruck 6 Decision Making . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Johannes Bühler, Hans-Joachim Ebermann, Florian Hamm and Dagmar Reuter-Leahr 7 Leadership and Team Behaviour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Hans-Joachim Ebermann and Joachim Scheiderer 8 Fatigue and Alertness Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Hans-Joachim Ebermann and Maria-Pascaline Murtha 9 Recommendations by the German Airline Pilot’s Association . . . . 211 Glossary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 vii Authors Capt. Johannes Bühler Vereinigung Cockpit e.V., Main Airport Center, Unterschweinstiege 10, 60549 Frankfurt, Deutschland Capt. Dr. Gerhard Fahnenbruck Vereinigung Cockpit e.V., Main Airport Center, Unterschweinstiege 10, 60549 Frankfurt, Deutschland Capt. Florian Hamm Vereinigung Cockpit e.V., Main Airport Center, Unterschweinstiege 10, 60549 Frankfurt, Deutschland Capt. Patrick Jordan Vereinigung Cockpit e.V., Main Airport Center, Unterschweinstiege 10, 60549 Frankfurt, Deutschland Capt. Maria-Pascaline Murtha Vereinigung Cockpit e.V., Main Airport Center, Unterschweinstiege 10, 60549 Frankfurt, Deutschland Capt. Hans-Ulrich Raulf Vereinigung Cockpit e.V., Main Airport Center, Unterschweinstiege 10, 60549 Frankfurt, Deutschland Mrs. Dagmar Reuter-Leahr Vereinigung Cockpit e.V., Main Airport Center, Unterschweinstiege 10, 60549 Frankfurt, Deutschland Capt. Rolf Wiedemann Vereinigung Cockpit e.V., Main Airport Center, Unterschweinstiege 10, 60549 Frankfurt, Deutschland Other contributors are: Capt. Tom Becker, Capt. Heiko Blabusch, SFO Jana Feldmann, Capt. Werner Grübel, Capt. Christian Hilgenberg, Capt. Andreas Keller, Reiner W. Kemmler, Capt. Sven Kutschera, Capt. Ralf Nitsche, Capt. Hans Rahmann, Capt. Carsten Reuter,Capt.CarstenSchmidt,Capt.ChristopherSelle,Capt.ChristinaStromeyer, Capt. Rolf Sulzer. ix Abbreviations AMC Acceptable means of compliance ASRS Aviation safety reporting system ATC Air traffic control BFU Bundesstelle für Flugunfalluntersuchung (German Federal Bureau of Aircraft Accident Investigation) CAST Commercial aviation safety team CAVOK Clouds and visibility okay CBT Computer-based training CDM Central decision maker CISM Critical incident stress management CNS Central nervous system CRM Crew resource management DLR Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (German Centre for Aviation and Astronautics) DME Distance measuring equipment EASA European aviation safety agency EEG Electroencephalography EFIS Electronic flight instruments system ENS Enteric nervous system FAA Federal Aviation Administration FAR Federal Aviation Regulations FCL Flight crew licensing FCU Flight control unit FDM Flight data monitoring FMS Flight management system FO First officer FSF Flight safety foundation ft Feet GPS Global positioning system GPWS Ground proximity warning system IATA International Air Transport Association ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization IFR Instrument flight rules ILS Instrument landing system xi xii Abbreviations JAR Joint Aviation Regulations LOFT Line orientated flight training MCP Mode control panel MEL Minimum equipment list MTOW Maximum take-off weight NOTECHS Non-technical skills NREM Non-rapid eye movement NDM Naturalistic decision making NTSB National Transportation Safety Board OPC Operator proficiency check PAPI Precision approach path indicator PM Pilot monitoring PNF Pilot not flying PSR Perceived safety risk REM Rapid eye movement R/T Radio telephony SFE Synthetic flight examiner SID Standard instrument departure SOP Standard operating procedure STAR Standard instrument arrival route TCAS Traffic collision avoidance system TEL Translation and elaboration of legislation TGL Temporary guidance leaflet T/O Take-off TRE Type rating examiner TRI Type rating instructor TSA Time since awake UAL United airlines VASIS Visual approach slope indicator system VC Vereinigung Cockpit (German Airline Pilots’ Association) VFR Visual flight rules 1 Accident Prevention Hans-Joachim Ebermann and Patrick Jordan 1.1 Introduction The following material is fundamental to flight safety. It is a prerequisite to the acceptance of the airplane as a means of public transportation, as well as to the economic viability of a flight operation. Legislators and regulators are cognizant of the public’s interest in safety and establish minimum standards, which must be complied with accordingly. But minimum standards alone can’t sustain long-term flight operations; espe- cially those employing a large number of aircraft. These operators are forced to strive for higher standards then those prescribed by law due to the greater prob- ability of accident or incident. An operator with too many mishaps will be elim- inated from the competition. Yet, no airline will invest more money into safety than makes economical sense. The goal of every pilot is to achieve an accident rate of zero. In the routine of the daily flying profession, the pilot is the final authority for guaranteeing flight safety and the prevention of accidents. It is therefore essential that pilots possess comprehensive knowledge about both the cause, as well as the prevention of accidents.Thisenablesthemtofunctionfromtheoutsetinapreventativemanner. For this reason, it would be desirable for this material to be included for study and testing, even during initial training for license issuance. To begin with, it will be beneficial to review some basic flight safety-related statistics. Then the question as to the circumstances under which accidents occur will be approached. This, inturn, will allow us to derive recommendations useful H.-J.Ebermann(&)(cid:2)P.Jordan MainAirportCenter,VereinigungCockpite.V,Unterschweinstiege10, 60549Frankfurt,Germany e-mail:[email protected] P.Jordan e-mail:[email protected] H.-J.EbermannandJ.Scheiderer(eds.),HumanFactorsontheFlightDeck, 1 DOI:10.1007/978-3-642-31733-0_1,(cid:2)Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2013
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