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‘How To Grow A Navy is a wonderfully original and erudite work of naval history and advocacy. Sweeping across the centuries to pick evidence for his arguments from the maritime story of Ancient Athens to that of the Vikings, the pre-modern Naval Powers of Asia, the Spanish and the Dutch, to the Royal Navy, the U.S. Navy and the sea empires of the future, Geoffrey Till makes the case again and again for why naval force counts. And he does this with a lightness and surety of touch, a clarity of exposition, and a firm grasp of his subject. Far too often, and with far less reason, are other books on military and naval themes recommended to policy-makers. This book really deserves to be read by those states who possess a navy, and even more by those who would like to grow one.’ Paul Kennedy, Yale University, USA, author of The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers ‘Professor Geoffrey Till skilfully derives concepts for building and sustaining a navy as he examines the exercise of sea power over a large historical and geographical canvas. A ‘must read’ for practitioners from navies, large and small, in order to draw useful lessons and avoid pitfalls from the rich trove of case studies.’ Admiral (Retd) Nirmal Verma, former Chief of Naval Staff, Indian Navy and former High Commissioner of India to Canada ‘In this thoughtful and wide-ranging analysis, Geoff Till explores the sources and character of maritime ascendency and its relationship to national power and influence. In casting a broad net from ancient Athens to an emergent China in the 21st century, Till illuminates the interconnectedness of national culture and maritime supremacy with lessons that are both historic and immediate.’ Craig L. Symonds, author of World War II at Sea ‘Professor Till’s latest study into the enduring dynamics and drivers of maritime power through history, and how navies develop, is an important and timely addition to the body of analysis on the contemporary maritime domain. It needs to be read and absorbed by all those seeking to understand and influence the sea change now underway in the global maritime arena, not least modern China’s maritime trajectory, and by those national policymakers aiming to grow or rebuild their own navies.’ Nick Childs, Senior Fellow for Naval Forces and Maritime Security, International Institute for Strategic Studies ‘Speaking from real-world strategy formulation experience, Geoff Till’s prescrip- tion is spot on. He correctly argues that naval forces require, first and foremost, a clear explanation of purpose to justify national funding—a frequently overlooked and surprisingly misunderstood principle. In this essential volume, Till shows how governments and navies can build, maintain or revive their maritime forces for the demands of the current maritime century.’ Bruce B. Stubbs, SES, Director Navy Strategy and Strategic Concepts, The Pentagon, Washington, DC ‘How to Grow a Navy analyses the complex and sometimes irreconcilable problems of creating, maintaining and operating naval forces in an extremely clear and effective way. The author’s deep expertise in maritime strategy and naval history, as well as his global reach and long experience of close interactions with the world’s navies, big and small, give him a special authority. This apparently arcane subject is in fact a critical element of not only defence strategies but national security strategies as a whole.’ Rear Admiral James Goldrick, Royal Australian Navy (ret) ‘Professor Geoffrey Till’s understanding of maritime power is essential reading and has inspired navy and coast guard leaders around the world to build naval forces for cooperation and security, providing prosperity and safety for their countries. Through history he asks the question: why do nations need a navy? In today’s “blue century”, the sea remains important for almost any country’s security and prosperity and the quest for the blue commons will be a “heritage for all” or increasingly a frontier in great power competition.’ Lars Saunes, Professor/Rear Admiral (ret) Chief of the Royal Norwegian Navy How to Grow a Navy This book examines the large but neglected topic of the development of maritime power from both a historical and a contemporary point of view. Navies have never been more important than they are now, in a century becoming, as widely expected, increasingly and profoundly maritime. The growing competition between China and Russia with the United States and its allies and partners around the world is essentially sea-based. The sea is also central to the world’s globalised trading system and to its environmental health. Most current crises are either sea- based or have a critical maritime element to them. What happens at sea will help shape our future. Against that background, this book uses both history and contemporary events to analyse how maritime power and naval strength have been, and are being, developed. In a reader-friendly way, it seeks to show what has worked and what has not, and to uncover the recurring patterns in maritime and naval development which explain past, present and future success – and failure. It reflects on the historical experience of all navies, but in particular it poses the question of whether China is following the same pattern of naval development illustrated by Britain at the start of the 18th century, which led to two centuries of naval dominance. This book will be of much interest to students of maritime power, naval studies and strategic studies, as well as to naval professionals around the world. Geoffrey Till is Emeritus Professor of Maritime Studies at King’s College London and Chairman of the Corbett Centre for Maritime Policy Studies. Once Dean of Academic Studies at the UK Joint Services Command and Staff College, he is the author of over 300 books, chapters and articles. He now holds the Dudley W. Knox Chair for Naval History and Strategy at the US Naval War College. Cass Series: Naval Policy and History Series Editor: Geoffrey Till ISSN 1366-9478 This series consists primarily of original manuscripts by research scholars in the general area of naval policy and history, without national or chronological limitations. It will from time to time also include collections of important articles as well as reprints of classic works. 60 Modern Maritime Piracy Genesis, Evolution and Responses Robert C. McCabe 61 Seapower A Guide for the Twenty-First Century (Fourth Edition) Geoffrey Till 62 Maritime Strategy and Sea Denial Theory and Practice Milan Vego 63 India-China Maritime Competition The Security Dilemma at Sea Edited by Rajesh Basrur, Anit Mukherjee, and TV Paul 64 Chinese Maritime Power in the 21st Century Strategic Planning, Policy and Predictions Hu Bo 65 Exercising Control of the Sea Theory and Practice Milan Vego 66 Navies in Multipolar Worlds From the Age of Sail to the Present Edited by Paul Kennedy and Evan Wilson 67 How to Grow a Navy The Development of Maritime Power Geoffrey Till For more information about this series, please visit: https://www.routledge.com/Cass- Series-Naval-Policy-and-History/book-series/CSNPH How to Grow a Navy The Development of Maritime Power Geoffrey Till Cover image: © Getty Images First published 2023 by Routledge 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2023 Geoffrey Till The right of Geoffrey Till to be identified as author of this work has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Till, Geoffrey, author. Title: How to grow a navy : the development of maritime power / Geoffrey Till. Other titles: Development of maritime power Description: Abingdon, Oxon ; New York : Routledge, [2023] | Series: Naval policy & history | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Identifiers: LCCN 2022012456 (print) | LCCN 2022012457 (ebook) | ISBN 9780367607975 (hardback) | ISBN 9780367607968 (paperback) | ISBN 9781003100553 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Sea-power. | Sea-power‐‐History. | Navies‐‐Organization. | Navies‐‐History. Classification: LCC VA10 .T538 2023 (print) | LCC VA10 (ebook) | DDC 359/ .03‐‐dc23/eng/20220613 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022012456 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022012457 ISBN: 978-0-367-60797-5 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-367-60796-8 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-10055-3 (ebk) DOI: 10.4324/9781003100553 Typeset in Times New Roman by MPS Limited, Dehradun This book is dedicated to the sad absence of my late wife, Cherry and the very real presence of our three offspring (Simon, Philippa and Christopher plus their partners, Ruth, Chiff and Beth) and our four grandchildren (Barney, Martha, Violet and Elowen). Contents List of Illustrations xi Preface xii List of Abbreviations xv 1 Maritime Matters 1 2 A Predisposition towards the Maritime? 19 3 Henry Maydman, His Context, Maritime Power and a Strategy of Means 45 4 The Vision Thing 60 5 Willing the Means: Establishing and Resourcing Strategic Priorities 81 6 Going Joint: The Maritime Mix 100 7 Establishing Naval Policy and Setting Strategy 121 8 All of One Maritime Company: The Search for Synergy 143 9 Coastguards and the Assertion of Maritime Authority 165 10 Naval Power: The Administrative Angle 186 11 Delivering a Navy’s People 204 12 Designing the Fleet 230