HOW TO EXPECT THE PORTUGUESE INQUISITION by Robert Warren Anderson A Dissertation ...

211 Pages·2011·1.26 MB·English

HOW TO EXPECT THE PORTUGUESE INQUISITION
by
Robert Warren Anderson

A Dissertation

Submitted to the

Graduate Faculty

of

George Mason University

in Partial Fulfillment of

The Requirements for the Degree

of

Doctor of Philosophy

Economics

Committee:
Director
Department Chairperson
Program Director
Dean, College of Humanities
and Social Sciences
Spring Semester 2011
George Mason University
Fairfax, VA
How to Expect the Portuguese Inquisition

A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy at George Mason University

By

Robert Warren Anderson
Master of Arts
George Mason University, 2007
Bachelor of Arts
Brigham Young University, 2004

Director: John V. Nye, Professor
Department of Economics

Spring Semester 2011
George Mason University
Fairfax, VA
Copyright 2011 by Robert Warren Anderson
All Rights Reserved

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Dedication

This is dedicated to the victims of Entrepreneurs of Hate.

iii
Acknowledgements

I would like to thank my dissertation committee of John Nye, Noel Johnson and Hilton
Root. Garett Jones helped as well as did the graduate coordinator Mary Jackson. I would
like to thank the many friends, relatives, and supporters I had as I worked on my
doctorate degree. Additionally, the Institute for Humane Studies provided funding during
my final year of writing. The Library of Congress provided many books and resources
that greatly helped. Google Books also provided many references that I otherwise would
not have been able to access. Joy Oakley, who edited and indexed the books from which I
gathered all of my data, also provided help beyond providing the Lists of the Portuguese
Inquisition. Additionally, I presented Chapter 2 at the February 2011 Eastern Economic
Association conference in New York City and Chapter 3 at the March 2011 Public
Choice Society Conference in San Antonio and would like to thank the participants in
those sessions. Lastly, I would like to thank my wife. She patiently listened to me explain
all aspects of this dissertation and helped me focus my writing.

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Table of Contents

Page
List of Tables ............................................................................................................. …vii
List of Figures ............................................................................................................. …ix
Abstract................................................................................................................….……x
1. Introduction .............................................................................................................…1
1.1 General Thesis ......................................................................................................1
1.2 Dissertation Overview ..........................................................................................5
1.3 Pre-Inquisition Jewish History ..............................................................................8
1.4 Establishing the Inquisition in Portugal ..............................................................15
1.5 Inquisitorial Bureaucracy ....................................................................................21
1.6 Witches, War, Welfare and Weather ..................................................................25
1.7 Inquisitorial Interactions .....................................................................................28
1.8 Conclusion ..........................................................................................................31
2. How to Expect the Portuguese Inquisition................................................................33
2.1 Introduction .........................................................................................................33
2.2 Institutionalizing Hatred; The Portuguese Inquisition ........................................34
2.3 Heretical Fluctuations .........................................................................................39
2.4 God Meets Mammon; New Christian Lobbying ................................................63
2.5 Power > Piety; Conclusion .................................................................................70
3. The Inquisition as Rent Seeking ...............................................................................75
3.1 Introduction .........................................................................................................75
3.2 Substituting Sodomy for Judaism .......................................................................77
3.3 Rent Seeking Doctors .........................................................................................85
3.4 Spanish Nationals................................................................................................91
3.5 Textile Manufacturing ........................................................................................96
3.6 Pombal and Religious Figures ............................................................................99
3.7 Conclusion ........................................................................................................102
4. The Inquisition as Theater ......................................................................................104
4.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................105
4.2 Violence as Theater...........................................................................................106
4.3 Inquisitorial Theatrics .......................................................................................109
4.4 Inquisitorial Signaling .......................................................................................116
4.5 Conclusion ........................................................................................................152
5. Conclusion ..............................................................................................................154
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6. Appendix A: Variables ..........................................................................................158
7. Appendix B: Defeitos ..............................................................................................161
8. Appendix C: The Crown and Pope Conflicting with Inquisitors ............................178
9. Appendix D: Accusations and Individual Rent Seeking .........................................183
10. Appendix E: Percent Jewish and Catholic Numbers in Modern Europe ................188
Bibliography .................................................................................................................190

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List of Tables

Table Page
1. Table 2.1: Inquisition on Weather and War Variables .......................................……42
2. Table 2.2: Inquisition and Grain Price Averages ........................................................52
3. Table 2.3: Inquisition on Agricultural Prices ..............................................................53
4. Table 2.4: Change in Sentencing from a Standard Deviation Increase in Price .........54
5. Table 2.5: Inquisition Forty Year Averages ...............................................................58
6. Table 2.6: Lobby Effects.............................................................................................69
7. Table 2.7: Change in Inquisitorial Sentencing from Lobbying ..................................70
8. Table 3.1: Sodomy Sentences 1636 to 1763 ...............................................................82
9. Table 3.2: Witch and Medical Sentencing 1636 to 1763 ............................................89
10. Table 3.3: From Spain Sentenced in Lisbon Inquisition...........................................93
11. Table 3.4: Textiles and Rent Seeking .......................................................................97
12. Table 3.5: Percent Religious Sentenced ..................................................................100
13. Table 4.1: Lisbon Auto Size of Religious and Non-Religious ...............................118
14. Table 4.2: People Sentenced and Auto Size ...........................................................119
15. Table 4.3: Public verse Private Autos in Lisbon Inquisition ..................................120
16. Table 4.4: Auto-da-fé Average Size 1600 - 1778 ...................................................121
17. Table 4.5: Recorded Punishments after 1635 .........................................................124
18. Table 4.6: Whipping and Ages ...............................................................................128
19. Table 4.7: Exile by Location, Gender, Age ............................................................132
20. Table 4.8: Banished ................................................................................................134
21. Table 4.9: Men, Women and Widows Killed .........................................................136
22. Table 4.10: Mean Ages and Sentencing .................................................................137
23. Table 4.11: Men with Occupation Listed ...............................................................137
24. Table 4.12: Death Rates of Foreigners ...................................................................138
25. Table 4.13: Death Rates by Defect .........................................................................139
26. Table 4.14: Sodomy Punishments...........................................................................140
27. Table 4.15: Apostate Punishments ..........................................................................141
28. Table 4.16: Bigamy Punishments ...........................................................................142

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29. Table 4.17: Jew vs. Gentile Punishment .................................................................143
30. Table 4.18: Probit of Punishments ..........................................................................144
31. Table 4.19: Total Familiares per Decade ...............................................................152
32. Table A.1: Variables ....................................................................................... 159-161
33. Table E.1: Percent of Population Jewish ................................................................188
34. Table E.2: Percent of Population Catholic ..............................................................189

viii
List of Figures

Figure Page
1. Figure 1.1: Inquisitorial Action.............................................................................……2
2. Figure 1.2: Players in the Inquisition ..........................................................................28
3. Figure 2.1: Inquisitorial Action...................................................................................35
4. Figure 2.2: Normalized Inquisitorial Sentencing ........................................................41
5. Figure 3.1: Sodomy Sentencing 5 Year Average ........................................................81
6. Figure 3.2: Witches Sentenced ...................................................................................85
7. Figure 3.3: Ten Year Averages of Percent of Sentenced from Spain .........................95
8. Figure 4.1: List of the Sentenced ..............................................................................112
9. Figure 4.2: Sanbenito and Miter ...............................................................................127
10. Figure 4.3: Total Familiares ...................................................................................150

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