Host Manipulation by Parasites

247 Pages·2012·2.97 MB·English

by  David P. Hughes

Host Manipulation by Parasites
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Host Manipulation
by Parasites
EDITED BY
David P. Hughes
Department of Entomology and Biology, Penn State University, USA
J acques B rodeur
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Montreal, Canada
F rédéric T homas

Centre National de la Recherche Scientifi que (CNRS) and Institut de Recherche
pour le Développement (IRD), France
1
3

Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 6DP,
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First Edition published in 2012
Impression: 1
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Data available Library of Congress Control Number: 2012934755
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Library of Congress Control Number: 2012934755
ISBN 978–0–19–964223–6 (Hbk.)
978–0–19–964224–3 (Pbk.)
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Contents
List of contributors ix
Foreword xi
Richard Dawkins
1 A history of parasites and hosts, science and fashion 1
Janice Moore
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 The days before cool 1
1.3 Becoming cool 6
1.4 Beyond manipulation 9
1.5 Conclusion 10
Afterword 14
John Alcock
2 E volutionary routes leading to host manipulation by parasites 16
Frédéric Thomas , Thierry Rigaud , and Jacques Brodeur
2.1 Introduction 16
2.2 The origins of host manipulation 16
2.2.1 Manipulation s ensu stricto 16
2.2.2 Complex parasitic cycles: the cause or the consequence
of parasite manipulation? 17
2.2.3 Host-driven scenarios of manipulation 17
2.2.4 Exaptation? 20
2.3 The evolution of manipulation after its emergence 20
2.3.1 Genetically based variation in phenotypic alterations 21
2.3.2 Other sources of variation 22
2.4 Multidimensional manipulations: evidence of evolution or a syndrome? 27
2.4.1 Why do multidimensional manipulations evolve? 27
2.4.2 Simultaneous versus sequential multidimensional manipulations 27
2.4.3 How did multidimensional manipulations evolve? 28
2.4.4 Proximate aspects of multidimensionality 29
2.5 Concluding remarks 29
Afterword 34
Stephen C. Stearns
v
vi CONTENTS
3 T he strings of the puppet master: how parasites change host behavior 36
Shelley A. Adamo
3.1 Introduction 36
3.2 How do parasites alter host behavior? Vertebrate examples 36
3.2.1 Toxoplasma gondii 36
3.2.2 Neuroviruses 41
3.3 Invertebrate examples 41
3.3.1 Gammarids—don’t go into the light! 42
3.3.2 Suicidal crickets 43
3.4 How might parasites manipulate host behavior? 45
3.5 How can parasitic infections produce specifi c changes in host
behavior without neuroanatomical specifi city? 46
Afterword 52
Gene Robinson
4 P arasites discover behavioral ecology: how to manage one’s host
in a complex world 54
Bernard D. Roitberg
4.1 Introduction 54
4.2 The problem 55
4.2.1 A healthy caterpillar 56
4.2.2 A parasitized caterpillar 61
4.3 Discussion 67
Afterword 71
Frédérique Dubois
5 M anipulation of plant phenotypes by insects and insect-borne pathogens 73
Mark C. Mescher
5.1 Introduction 73
5.2 Plant manipulation by insect herbivores 74
5.2.1 Gall-inducing insects 75
5.2.2 Structural modifi cation of host plants 78
5.2.3 Green islands 80
5.2.4 Manipulation of phytohormones 81
5.3 Plant manipulation by insect-borne pathogens 82
5.3.1 Manipulation of plant–pollinator interactions by fungal parasites 82
5.3.2 Pathogen manipulation of plant–herbivore interactions 85
5.4 Conclusion 86
Afterword 93
Pedro Jordano
6 V isual trickery in avian brood parasites 95
Naomi E. Langmore and Claire N. Spottiswoode
6.1 Introduction 95
6.2 Accessing host nests 96
CONTENTS vii
6.3 The egg stage 96
6.4 The nestling stage 104
6.5 Visual trickery to elicit parental care 107
6.6 Mimicry in generalist versus specialist parasites 109
6.7 Conclusions 110
Afterword 116
Scott V. Edwards
7 Endosymbiotic microbes as adaptive manipulators of arthropod
behavior and natural driving sources of host speciation 119
Wolfgang J. Miller and Daniela Schneider
7.1 Introduction 119
7.2 Wolbachia : the multidimensional manipulator of arthropods 119
7.2.1 Reproductive parasitism triggered by W olbachia 121
7.2.2 Wolbachia ´s repertoire of inducing non-reproductive,
adaptive phenotypes 123
7.3 Symbiont-directed adaptive manipulation of host sexual behavior 124
7.3.1 Feminization—the transformation of genetic males into
functional females 124
7.3.2 Manipulating sexual mating behavior 127
7.4 Conclusions 131
Afterword 138
Lee Ehrman
8 P arasites and the superorganism 140
David P. Hughes
8.1 Introduction 140
8.2 The extended phenotype and the unitary organism 140
8.3 The behavior of social insects 141
8.4 Behavior of the superorganism 143
8.5 Parasites divide the interests of superorganism 144
8.6 Behaviorally modifying parasites of social insects 144
8.7 Manipulating the whole colony 147
8.7.1 Parasitizing social resources 147
8.7.2 Cheating the mutualism 147
8.7.3 Panicking the crowd 148
8.7.4 Shifting foraging ecology 149
8.8 Future directions and tests 150
Afterword 155
Bert Hölldobler
9 E cological consequences of manipulative parasites 158
Kevin D. Lafferty and Armand M. Kuris
9.1 Introduction 158
9.2 What makes a manipulator important ecologically? 159
viii CONTENTS
9.3 Parasitic castrators and parasitoids as host behavior manipulators 160
9.3.1 Nematomorphs, endangered charr, and crickets in
Japanese streams 161
9.4 Trophically transmitted parasites as host behavior manipulators 162
9.4.1 Tapeworms, wolves, moose, and forests on Isle Royale 162
9.4.2 Trematodes, cockles, limpets and anemones in
New Zealand mudfl ats 164
9.5 The ecological reach of host behavior manipulators 165
9.6 Testing for the ecological effects of manipulative parasites 165
9.7 Conclusions 166
Afterword 169
Michel Loreau
10 A pplied aspects of host manipulation by parasites 172
Robert Poulin and Edward P. Levri
10.1 Introduction 172
10.2 Manipulative parasites, biological invasions, and conservation 172
10.3 Manipulative parasites in agriculture and aquaculture 175
10.4 Parasite manipulation of disease vectors 177
10.4.1 Leishmaniasis 179
10.4.2 African sleeping sickness 180
10.4.3 Malaria 180
10.5 Parasite manipulation in humans: the case of Toxoplasma gondii 181
10.6 Conclusion 187
Afterword 195
Andrew Read and Victoria Braithwaite
11 B ehavioral manipulation outside the world of parasites 1 98
Frank Cézilly and Frédéric Thomas
11.1 Introduction 198
11.2 A categorization of manipulation 198
11.2.1 Deceit through sensory exploitation 199
11.2.2 Exploitation of compensatory mechanisms 200
11.2.3 Coercive exploitation 201
11.2.4 Manipulation of information 202
11.2.5 Neuroendocrine manipulation 204
11.3 A brief critique of the “manipulation” concept 205
11.4 Manipulation inside and outside the world of parasites:
convergence and divergence 205
Afterword 213
Alex Kacelnik
Index 215
List of contributors
Shelley A. Adamo , Department of Psychology/ Bert Hölldobler , School of Life Sciences, Arizona State
Neuroscience Institute, Dalhousie University, University, PO Box 874501, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
Halifax, NS, B3H 3X5, Canada and University of Würzburg, Biozentrum, Zoologie
[email protected] II, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
John Alcock , School of Life Sciences, PO Box 874501, [email protected]
Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, David P. Hughes , Centre for Infectious Disease
USA Dynamics, MSC, University Park, Penn State
[email protected] University, PA 16802, USA
Victoria Braithwaite , School of Forest Resources, [email protected]
University Park, Penn State University, PA 16802, Pedro Jordano , Integrative Ecology Group, Estación
USA Biológica de Doñana, CSIC, Sevilla, Spain
[email protected] [email protected]
Jacques Brodeur , Département de Sciences Alex Kacelnik , Behavioural Ecology Research
Biologiques, Université de Montréal, 4101, rue Group, Department of Zoology, Oxford
Sherbrooke Est, Montréal (Québec), H1X 2B2, University, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK
Canada [email protected]
[email protected] Armand M. Kuris , Ecology, Evolution & Marine
Frank Cézilly , Université de Bourgogne, Equipe Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara,
Ecologie Evolutive, UMR CNRS 5561 Biogéo- Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9620, USA
sciences, 6 blvd. Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France [email protected]
[email protected] Kevin D. Lafferty , United States Geological Survey,
Richard Dawkins , New College, University of Western Ecological Research Center and Marine
Oxford, Oxford, UK. Science Institute, University of California, Santa
[email protected] Barbara, California 93106, USA
Frédérique Dubois , Université de Montréal, [email protected]
Département de Sciences Biologiques, CP 6128, Naomi E. Langmore , Research School of Biology,
Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal (Québec), H3C Australian National University, Canberra 0200,
3J7, Canada Australia
[email protected] [email protected]
Scott V. Edwards , Department of Organismic and Edward P. Levri , Department of Biology, Penn State
Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Altoona, 3000 Ivyside Park, Altoona, PA 16601,
Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA USA
[email protected] [email protected]
Lee Ehrman , Natural Sciences, State University of Michel Loreau , McGill University, Department of
New York, Purchase College, Purchase, New Biology, 1205 ave Docteur Penfi eld, Montréal
York, USA (Québec), H3A 1B1, Canada
[email protected] [email protected]
ix