Horticultural Reviews, Volume 8

400 Pages·13.803 MB·English

HORTICULTURAL REVIEWS
VOLUME 8
Horticultural Reviews is co-sponsored by the
American Society for Horticultural Science and
The AVI Publishing Company
Editorial Board, Volume 8
C.A. Conover
E. Van Wann
R.H. Zimmerman
HORTICULTURAL REVIEWS
VOLUME 8
edited by
Jules Janick
Purdue University
AVI PUBLISHING COMPANY, INC.
Westport, Connecticut
Copyright 1986 by
@
THE AVI PUBLISHING COMPANY, INC.
250 Post Road East
P.O. Box 831
Westport, Connecticut 06881
All rights reserved. No part of this work
covered by the copyright hereon may be
reproduced or used in any form or by any
means-graphic, electronic, or mechanical,
including photocopying, recording, taping, or
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without written permission of the publisher.
ISSN-0163-7851
ISBN-0-87055-529-4
Printed in the United States of America
A B C D E 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6
Contents
Contributors ix
Dedication xi
1 Gaseous Air Pollution and Horticultural
Crop Production
Douglas P. Ormrod
I. Introduction 2
11. Plant Responses 6
111. Genetic and Plant Factors Affecting Sensitivity 16
IV. Environmental Factors Affecting Sensitivity 20
V. Interactions among Gaseous Air Pollutants 23
VI. Combined Effects Other Stresses 25
with
VII. Protection against Injury 26
VIII. Volatile Pesticides as Gaseous Air Pollutants 30
IX. Acidic Precipitation-A By-product of Gaseous Air Pollution 30
X. Research Methodology and Data Interpretation 33
XI. Conclusions 35
Literature Cited 36
2 Edible Aroids: Botany and Horticulture
Stephen K. O’Hair and Madhevan P. Asokan
I. Botany 43
11. Production 58
111. Utilization 78
Literature Cited 89
3 The Effect of Controlled-Atmosphere Storage
on the Sensory and Nutritional Quality
of Fruits and Vegetables
J. Weichmann
I. Introduction 101
11. Sensory Qualities 102
V
vi CONTENTS
111. Nutritional Quality 108
IV. Physiological Basis of Nutritional Quality Changes 118
Literature Cited 120
4 The Navel Orange
Frederick S. Davies
I. Introduction 130
11. World Production 131
111. Morphology and Anatomy 132
IV. Effects of Climate 138
V. Fruit Set 140
VI. Fruit Drop 147
VII. Mutations and Cultivars 150
VIII. Planting Density and Rootstocks 156
IX. Cultural Practices 161
X. Postharvest Physiology and Fruit Quality 166
XI. Conclusions 172
Literature Cited 173
5 Nitrogen Metabolism and Utilization in Citrus
Tadashi Kato
I. Introduction 181
11. Nitrogen Uptake and Nutrition 182
111. Nitrogen Assimilation 187
IV. Translocation of Nitrogen Compounds 193
V. Storage Nitrogen 196
VI. Nitrogen Metabolism at Low Temperatures 203
VII. Diagnosis of Nitrogen Status 204
VIII. Conclusions 206
Literature Cited 207
6 Flowering in Pecan
Hazel Y. Wetzstein and Darrell Sparks
I. Introduction 217
11. Crop Biology 218
111. Staminate Flower 223
IV. Pistillate Flower 236
V. Dichogamy 243
VI. Abnormal Flowering 245
VII. Factors Influencing Flowering 245
VIII. Summary 250
Literature Cited 251
7 Avocado Flowering
T. L. Davenport
I. Introduction 257
11. Floral Biology 258
111. Pollination 272
IV. Conclusions 283
Literature Cited 284
CONTENTS vii
8 Chestnut Blight and Its Control
Gary J. Griffin
I. Introduction 291
11. Hypovirulence in Endothia parasitica 299
111. Blight Control with Hypovirulence 310
IV. Blight Resistance 313
V. Blight Control with Resistance 318
VI. Other Blight Control Methods 321
VII. Influence of Environmental and Cultural Conditions 324
VIII. Summary 328
Literature Cited 329
9 Physiological Responses of Fruit Trees to Pruning
A. Mika
I. Introduction 339
11. Historical Review 340
111. Shoot Growth 342
IV. Growth Correlations and Apical Dominance 347
V. Mineral Content of Leaves and Fruit 349
VI. Foliage Area, Photosynthesis, and Respiration 350
VII. Carbohydrate Reserves 353
VIII. Hormonal Patterns 354
IX. Water Supply to Shoots, Leaves, and Fruits 356
X. Cold Hardiness 356
XI. Tree Health 358
XII. Flower Bud Formation and Fruiting Potential 359
XIII. Fruit Setting 362
XIV. Yield and Bearing Regularity 363
xv. Fruit Quality 365
XVI. Summary 367
Literature Cited 369
Subject Index 379
Cumulative Subject Index 38 1
Cumulative Contributor Index 39 1
Contributors
MADHEVAN P ASOKAN. University of Florida, IFAS, Tropical
Research and Education Center, Homestead, FL 33031
T. L. DAVENPORT. University of Florida, IFAS, Tropical Research
and Education Center, Homestead, FL 33031
FREDERICK S. DAVIES. Department of Fruit Crops, University of
Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
GARY J. GRIFFIN. Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and
Weed Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University,
Blacksburg, VA 24061
TADASHI KATO.* Shikoku National Agricultural Research Sta-
tion, Zentsuji, Kagawa 765, Japan
A. MIKA. Research Institute of Pomology, Skierniewice, Poland
STEPHEN K. O’HAIR. University of Florida, IFAS, Tropical Re-
search and Education Center, Homestead, FL 33031
DOUGLAS P. ORMROD. Department of Horticultural Science, Uni-
versity of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
DARRELL SPARKS. Department of Horticulture, University of
Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
J. WEICHMANN. Institute of Vegetable Crops Science, Technical
University of Munich, D-5080 Freising-Weihenstephan, Federal Re-
public of Germany
HAZEL Y. WETZSTEIN. Department of Horticulture, University of
Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
*Present address: National Grassland Research Institute Nishinasuno Tochigi 329-27,
Japan.
ix

Dedication
Advances in horticultural technology are made in small increments.
They come about when researchers have a clear goal in mind and back
their ideas with persistent effort and high-quality, creative research
that seeks answers to both applied and fundamental problems. The
career of Dr. Abraham H. Halevy testifies to the efficacy of this method.
His goal has been no less than the creation of a new industry for his
country. This has been accomplished through unrelenting effort. His
career comprises significant contributions to horticulture in general and
to floriculture in particular.
Born on July 17, 1927, in Tel Aviv, Israel, Dr. Halevy received the
MS and PhD at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Although his
doctorate research was in citriculture, he felt that Israel could prosper
growing flowers for export because of its favorable climate and the
availability of educated growers who could easily adjust to the technical
expertise required in floriculture. Thus in 1958 he accepted a postdoctor-
ate research fellowship with the Department of Agriculture at
US.
Beltsville, Maryland, and returned to the Hebrew University the follow-
ing year to found and chair the new Department of Floriculture. Dr.
Halevy was both father and mother to the Israeli floricultural industry,
which now exports millions of dollars worth of cut flowers to Europe and
the United States. He conceived the concept, provided scientific under-
pinnings through his research, nursed the industry in its infancy, and
nurtured a majority of its present teachers and extension workers. The
entire faculty in his department consists of his former students.
His research interests in floriculture cover a wide spectrum of activi-
ties. He is involved in the introduction of new species, new cultural
systems, and the development of new handling and shipping proce-
dures. He has developed petals as a model system for the study of
senescence, and has been a leader in extending vase-life of cut flowers
through bud cutting, sucrose pulsing, and opening solutions. This re-
xi