Hormones and the Endocrine System: Textbook of Endocrinology

447 Pages·2016·19.745 MB·English

by  Bernhard Kleine, Winfried G. Rossmanith (auth.)

Bernhard Kleine
Winfried G. Rossmanith
Hormones and
the Endocrine
System
Textbook of Endocrinology
Hormones and the Endocrine System

Bernhard Kleine • Winfried G. Rossmanith
Hormones and the
Endocrine System
Textbook of Endocrinology
123
BernhardKleine WinfriedG.Rossmanith
Lenzkirch,Germany Ettlingen,Germany
ISBN978-3-319-15059-8 ISBN978-3-319-15060-4 (eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-319-15060-4
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2015957961
SpringerChamHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon
©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2016
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Contents
1 Introduction................................................................. 1
1.1 WhomToThank ..................................................... 2
2 HistoryofHormonesandEndocrinology................................ 3
2.1 AncientTimes........................................................ 3
2.2 NewAge.............................................................. 6
2.3 ModernTimes........................................................ 7
2.4 ProblemsRemaining................................................. 7
2.5 HistoricalSummary.................................................. 8
PartI HormoneBiochemistry
3 Hormones:Definitions ..................................................... 11
3.1 TheNatureoftheEndocrineSystem................................ 11
3.2 WhatIsaHormone? ................................................. 12
3.2.1 HormonalEffect............................................ 12
3.2.2 Neurotransmitters........................................... 13
3.2.3 Cytokines/Lymphokines.................................... 13
3.2.4 Prostaglandins/Thromboxanes............................. 13
3.2.5 Pheromones................................................. 13
3.3 HowDoWeDefinetheEndocrineSystem? ........................ 14
3.4 EndocrineHierarchy................................................. 15
3.5 HormoneClasses..................................................... 16
3.5.1 Protein/PeptideHormones ................................. 16
3.5.2 Terpenes:JuvenileHormonesandSteroidsHormones... 17
3.5.3 AminoAcidDerivatives.................................... 17
4 VertebrateProteinandPeptideHormones.............................. 19
4.1 Translation............................................................ 21
4.1.1 ReadingGeneticInformation:Transcription.............. 21
4.1.2 CodingandOtherSequences .............................. 21
4.1.3 Splicing ..................................................... 21
4.1.4 RNACap.................................................... 22
4.1.5 NuclearExportofMessengerRNA........................ 22
v
vi Contents
4.1.6 DockingtoRibosomes ..................................... 22
4.1.7 TranslationalTermination.................................. 22
4.1.8 MembraneandSecretoryProteins......................... 22
4.2 PosttranslationalModification:HormoneMaturation.............. 23
4.2.1 RemovaloftheSignalPeptide............................. 23
4.2.2 FoldingandDisulfideBridges ............................. 23
4.2.3 ProteinComplexes.......................................... 24
4.2.4 Glycosylation............................................... 24
4.2.5 ProhormoneConvertases................................... 25
4.2.6 MonobasicandDibasicSequenceMotifs
inInvertebratesandVertebrates............................ 27
4.2.7 ChoppingtheC-Terminus.................................. 28
4.2.8 OxidationoftheTerminalGlycine ........................ 28
4.2.9 CyclizationoftheN-TerminalGlutamine................. 29
4.2.10 EsterificationofGhrelin.................................... 29
4.3 PeptideHormonesoftheHypothalamusandtheBrain ............ 30
4.3.1 Hypothalamic-ReleasingHormones....................... 30
4.3.2 Gonadotropin-InhibitingHormone ........................ 42
4.3.3 NeuropeptideY............................................. 45
4.3.4 Agouti-RelatedProtein..................................... 45
4.3.5 Somatostatin................................................ 46
4.3.6 SubstanceP ................................................. 49
4.3.7 Proopiomelanocortin....................................... 49
4.3.8 Ghrelin...................................................... 49
4.3.9 Kisspeptin................................................... 50
4.3.10 Galanin...................................................... 51
4.3.11 Melanin-ConcentratingHormone.......................... 54
4.3.12 Orexins...................................................... 56
4.4 AnteriorPituitaryHormones......................................... 59
4.4.1 POMC....................................................... 59
4.4.2 TSH ......................................................... 67
4.4.3 LH,FSH,CG ............................................... 69
4.4.4 GrowthHormone........................................... 76
4.4.5 Prolactin..................................................... 79
4.5 HormonesoftheParsIntermedia.................................... 81
4.5.1 Somatolactin................................................ 81
4.5.2 Prolactin-ReleasingPeptide................................ 83
4.6 HormonesofthePosteriorPituitary:Oxytocin
andVasopressin ...................................................... 84
4.6.1 Introduction................................................. 84
4.6.2 StructureandGenes........................................ 86
4.6.3 PhysiologyofOxytocin.................................... 87
4.6.4 PhysiologyofVasopressin(AVP,Adiuretin).............. 87
4.6.5 Phylogeny................................................... 88
Contents vii
4.7 RegulatorsofSugarandEnergyMetabolism....................... 89
4.7.1 Insulin....................................................... 89
4.7.2 Glucagon.................................................... 93
4.8 RegulatorsofFoodIntake ........................................... 95
4.8.1 Leptin ....................................................... 95
4.8.2 Ghrelin...................................................... 96
4.9 NonsteroidalRegulatorsofBone.................................... 99
4.9.1 Introduction................................................. 99
4.9.2 StructureandGenes........................................ 99
4.9.3 Physiology.................................................. 100
4.9.4 Phylogeny................................................... 101
4.10 DigestiveTractHormones........................................... 101
4.10.1 Gastrin....................................................... 101
4.10.2 Cholecystokinin............................................. 103
4.10.3 Secretin...................................................... 104
4.10.4 VIP.......................................................... 106
4.10.5 GIP.......................................................... 107
4.10.6 PNP,NPY,PYY ............................................ 108
4.11 NeuropeptidesintheEntericNervousSystem...................... 112
4.11.1 EndorphinsandEnkephalins............................... 112
4.11.2 Tachykinins:SubstanceP,Neurokinin,andEndokinin... 113
4.11.3 Gastrin-ReleasingPeptide/Bombesin...................... 115
4.12 NonsteroidalRegulatorsofReproduction........................... 116
4.12.1 Activin/Inhibin.............................................. 116
4.12.2 Follistatin ................................................... 119
4.12.3 AntimüllerianHormone.................................... 120
4.13 AngiotensinsandRenin.............................................. 122
4.13.1 Introduction................................................. 122
4.13.2 StructureandGenes........................................ 123
4.13.3 Physiology.................................................. 123
4.13.4 Phylogeny................................................... 123
4.14 AtrialNatriureticPeptides........................................... 124
4.14.1 Introduction................................................. 124
4.14.2 StructureandGenes........................................ 124
4.14.3 Physiology.................................................. 126
4.14.4 Phylogeny................................................... 126
4.15 AdditionalNeuropeptides............................................ 127
4.15.1 Parathormone............................................... 127
4.15.2 Stanniocalcin................................................ 128
4.15.3 Erythropoietin............................................... 130
viii Contents
5 InvertebrateProteinandPeptideHormones............................ 133
5.1 MetabolicallyActivePeptideHormones............................ 135
5.1.1 CrustaceanHyperglycemicHormone ..................... 135
5.1.2 BombyxinandInsulin-LikePeptides(ILP)............... 137
5.1.3 AKH,RPCH,andHrTH ................................... 139
5.2 RegulationofHeartFrequencyandPressurebyNeuropeptides... 141
5.2.1 CardioacceleratoryPeptides:CAP......................... 141
5.2.2 CardioexcitatoryPeptide,NDWF-Amide ................. 143
5.2.3 Enterins ..................................................... 144
5.2.4 MytilusInhibitoryPeptides(MIP;AMrP)................. 145
5.2.5 DiureticHormones ......................................... 147
5.3 Kinins................................................................. 148
5.3.1 Pyrokinin/Myotropinand Pheromone
BiosynthesisActivatingNeuropeptide(PBAN)........... 149
5.3.2 Orcokinins .................................................. 151
5.3.3 Leucokinins/Lymnokinins.................................. 153
5.3.4 Tachykinin-RelatedPeptides(TRP) ....................... 155
5.3.5 Sulfakinins.................................................. 157
5.4 NeuropeptidesofReproduction ..................................... 158
5.4.1 PTTH........................................................ 158
5.4.2 PTSH;MIP ................................................. 160
5.4.3 PheromonostaticPeptide,SexPeptides ................... 161
5.4.4 GIH,VIH ................................................... 163
5.4.5 TMOF....................................................... 164
5.4.6 Nebcolloostatin............................................. 165
5.5 PeptideHormoneofMetamorphosisandMolting.................. 166
5.5.1 Molt-InhibitingHormone(MIH) .......................... 166
5.5.2 Corazonin................................................... 168
5.5.3 Ecdysis-TriggeringHormone(ETH) ...................... 169
5.5.4 EclosionHormone(EH).................................... 170
5.5.5 Bursicon..................................................... 172
5.6 RegulatorsofFoodIntake:RFamideandFMRFamide ............ 174
5.6.1 Introduction................................................. 174
5.6.2 BiochemistryandStructure................................ 175
5.6.3 Physiology.................................................. 177
5.6.4 Phylogeny................................................... 178
5.7 NeuropeptideRegulatorsofJuvenileHormoneMetabolism....... 178
5.7.1 Allatotropins................................................ 178
5.7.2 Allatostatins................................................. 179
5.8 PeptideHormonesofSkin:Pigment-DispersingHormone........ 181
5.8.1 Introduction................................................. 181
5.8.2 BiochemistryandStructure................................ 182
5.8.3 Physiology.................................................. 182
5.8.4 Phylogeny................................................... 183
Contents ix
5.9 OtherNeuropeptides................................................. 184
5.9.1 Neuropeptide-F—TwoPeptideGenes..................... 184
5.9.2 Proctolin .................................................... 187
5.10 SummaryandOverview ............................................. 188
6 HormonesfromMevalonate:JHandSteroids.......................... 191
6.1 Introduction........................................................... 192
6.2 PathwaystoJuvenileHormoneandSteroids ....................... 192
6.2.1 JHSynthesis ................................................ 192
6.2.2 FromFarnesylPyrophosphateviaSqualene
toCholesterol............................................... 194
6.3 JuvenileHormones................................................... 196
6.3.1 Introduction................................................. 196
6.3.2 BiochemistryandStructure................................ 196
6.3.3 Physiology.................................................. 199
6.4 Steroids ............................................................... 201
6.5 SteroidogenicEnzymes.............................................. 203
6.5.1 CYP11A1................................................... 203
6.5.2 HSD3B...................................................... 204
6.5.3 CYP17 ...................................................... 205
6.5.4 HSD17B .................................................... 206
6.5.5 5’Reductase................................................ 211
6.5.6 CYP21 ...................................................... 213
6.5.7 CYP11B1 ................................................... 214
6.5.8 CYP11B2 ................................................... 215
6.5.9 CYP19 ...................................................... 216
6.5.10 ConcludingRemark ........................................ 220
6.6 Progesterone.......................................................... 221
6.7 SexHormones........................................................ 223
6.7.1 GonadalDevelopment...................................... 224
6.7.2 GonadalHormoneProduction ............................. 225
6.7.3 AndrogenProductionintheAdrenalGlands.............. 225
6.8 Corticoids............................................................. 226
6.8.1 Cortisol...................................................... 226
6.8.2 Aldosterone................................................. 228
6.9 BrainSteroids ........................................................ 229
6.10 AdditionalSteroidHormones........................................ 230
6.10.1 InsectandCrustaceanSteroidHormones ................. 230
6.10.2 SteroidsinPlantsandFungi ............................... 230
6.11 DihydroxyvitaminD3(Calcitriol)................................... 232
6.11.1 VitaminD3Synthesis....................................... 233
6.11.2 VitaminDUptakefromFood.............................. 235
6.11.3 Synthesisof25-HydroxyvitaminD3....................... 235
6.11.4 SynthesisofCalcitriol...................................... 235
6.11.5 CalcitriolDegradation...................................... 236