Holographic Data Storage

491 Pages·2000·22.377 MB·English

by  G. T. Sincerbox (auth.), Dr. Hans J. Coufal, Professor Demetri Psaltis, Professor Glenn T. Sincerbox (eds.)

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Hans J. Coufal Demetri Psaltis
Glenn T. Sincerbox (Eds.)
Holographic
Data Storage
With a Foreword
by Alstair M. Glass and Mark J. Cardillo
With 228 Figures. 64 in Color and 12 Tables
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH
Dr. Hans J. Coufal Professor Demetri Psaltis
IBM Corporation California Institute of Technology
Almaden Research Center Department of Electrical Engineering
San Jose, CA 95110-6099, USA Pasadena, CA 91115, USA
E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]
Professor Glenn T. Sincerbox
University of Arizona
Optical Sciences Center
Tucson, AZ 85711, USA
E-mail: [email protected]
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Holographic data storage / H.l. Coufa~ D. Psaltis, G. Sincerbox (Eds.)
p. cm. -- (Springer series in optical sciences, ISSN 0342-4111 ; 76)
lncludes bibliographical references and index.
1. Optical storage devices. 2. Holography. 3. Computer storage devices. 4. Optical data
processing. 1. Coufal, H. II. Psaltis, Demetri. m. Sincerbox, Glenn T., 1937-IV.
Springer series in optical sciences ; v. 76.
TAI63S .H6S 2000
621.39'767 --dc21
00-023971
ISSN 0342-4111
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Foreword
In the late 1960s and early 1970s holographic storage was actively pursued by
a number of development teams in major laboratories. The potential of high
capacity information storage using optical techniques, exploiting the ability
to address submicron dimensions (?: 1 bit/!l2), had been realized many years
previously, and led soon thereafter to the compact disc. However, the ability
to use the thickness dimension with holographic techniques, thereby achiev
ing storage densities in excess of 100 G b / cm 3, would indeed have been a
breakthrough in storage technology! By the mid 1970s, however, no practical
holographic recording system emerged from this work, even though experi
mental digital holographic systems had been demonstrated in the laboratory.
There were fundalllental reasolls for this: The most important was that there
was no satisfactory storage medium. Furthermore, holographic storage sys
tems required many complex components that were still in their infancy and
often extremely expensive with marginal performance, such as high power
lasers, spatial light modulators, large detector arrays, and beam deflector op
tics. Despite extem,ive work on new materials including photochromics, pho
tographic emulsions, thermomagnetic materials, amorphous semiconductors,
thermoplastics, photopolymers, and photorefractive materials, none satisfied
the stringent requirements for high recording sensitivity, dynamic range, sig
nal/noise nor long storage time or degradation during readout. The focus
of most of this early work was on in situ read write-erase memory with
stationary media and beam deflection for rapid random access. Eventually
patience ran out, and with the emergence of magnetic recording the field of
holographic storage was all but abandoned.
Out of this situation grew holographic optical image processing. Photore
fractive materials developed for storage were found to be excellent candidates
for doing high-speed optical correlations for pattern recognition and other
special purpose applications, with the associated relaxed materials require
ments. Research in this area has continued with many fascinating innovations,
some of which are represented in this volume.
In the last few years we have seen a revival of activity in holographic
storage. This has been driven by several factors. Firstly, the availability and
performance of the requisite components for a system have changed dramat
ically. Laser technology now offers higher powers, many more wavelengths,
VI Foreword
and much lower cost. Spatial light modulators have been developed for high
performance display applications such as liquid crystal devices and silicon
micromirror arrays. The invention of CMOS cameras has brought with it the
prospect of a high-performance, low-cost detector.
Secondly, although dramatic advances in storage technology have taken
place, both with magnetic materials (disc and tape) and optical discs, we
think we can see the limits of these technologies looming on the hori",on:
the paramagnetic limit in the case of magnetic storage and spot-size limits
imposed by diffraction in the case of optical storage. The superior potential
of holographic: storage, both ill storage capacity and data transfer rate, has
"timulated renewed thinking.
Thirdly, a plethora of new applications and market opportunities requir
ing very large "torage capacities and tram,fer rates seem to have stimulated a
transition from systems based on exotic research concept" to more practical
and realizable approaches. As an example, new emphasis is now being placed
on write once read-many (WORM) memories. Low cost polymeric storage
media have been developed which meet all the requirements for practical
storage systems. New multiplexing techniques have been developed which
permit very high density storage with simple optical system configurations.
These approaches could satisfy the requirements of the rapidly expanding
data warehousing and enterprise server industries, a" well as the lIlany appli
cations <t"sociated with the explosion of bandwidth to meet the demands of
internet traffic. They could also serve the emerging HDTV market, allowing
consumers to record the huge video TV files or download over the internet.
As we think you will conclude from this text, over the last few years it
appears that the major hurdles to achieving a practical high-performance
holographic storage system have been overcome. A" we enter the 21st cen
tury, holographic storage technology is poised for commercial acceptance.
Bell Laboratories, Lucent Technologies Alastair M. Glass
July 2000 and
Mark J. CaTdillo
Preface
"For nearly four decades, holographic memory has been the great white whale
of technology research. Despite enormous expenditures, a complete, general
purpose system that could be sold commercially continues to elude industrial
and academic researchers. Nevertheless, they continue to pursue the tech
nology aggressively because of its staggering promise." John William Toigo,
Scientific American, May 2000.
The time has finally corne for Captain Ahab to confront his nemesis.
Recent interest and progress in holographic data storage has been very sub
stantial, yet the question arises whether holographic data storage will always
be only an emerging technology or if it will finally emerge as a viable tech
nology. While the jury is still out on the question of economic viability, the
technical feasibility of holographic data storage has been demonstrated in
laboratory experiments with impressive performance, close to the very high
expectations.
A working holographic data storage system is a rather complex device. It
obviously involves a data input device, such as a liquid crystal display, and
optics to create a hologram of the input page in a suitable storage material.
During read out of the data the hologram is used to reconstruct the stored
data page onto a camera chip. To optimize the performance of the system the
data have to be encoded before storage and then decoded during the readout
process before they can be used. Such a device must store and retrieve user
data reliably, without any noticeable error even after a long period of storage.
This requires, therefore, the development of specialized hardware components
for input and output, as well as suitable recording materials and complex
algorithms. This book attempts to cover all of the above aspects, as well as
the pertinent facts about competing and well established storage techniques.
This book is intended mainly for non-experts as an introduction to the
field, but also serves as a synopsis of the current state of the art in the field for
those currently involved in it. Individual chapters are contributed by groups
working actively in the area, reviewing their work and that of others with
extensive references to recent publications in the scientific literature. No one
can do justice to the outstanding efforts of all the groups around the globe
that have contributed to the field over the last forty years. We had to be
VIII Preface
selective, while attempting to be at the same time comprehensive, to fit the
gist of holographic data storage into just one book.
Many of the research projects in industry and academia in the United
States, that have brought holographic data storage close to becoming a tech
nology, were sponsored by DARPA, AFRL and AFOSR and we would like to
take this opportunity to thank Dr. L.N. Durvasula, Dr. A. Jambardino and
Dr. A. Craig for their vision, leadership and support.
To those who taught us the basic optics and physics that underlie holo
graphic storage, those who helped us first to appreciate and later to under
stand the issues that had to be solved, and to those who finally solved them
with us and for all of us we owe a debt of gratitude.
Last, but by no means least, we would like to thank Dr. H. Lotsch of
Springer-Verlag for the encouraging discussions that persuaded us to serve
as editors of this book, and the team at Springer-Verlag who made it finally
happen.
We would like to dedicate this book to the giants in this field on whose
shoulders we are standing today with holographic data storage devices almost
within reach. They laid the solid foundation that we have heen privileged to
build upon.
San Jose, Han8 .1. Coufal
Pasadena, Demetri P8alti8
Tucson, Glenn T. Sincerlio;r
July 2000
Contents
List of Contributors .......................................... XXI
Part I Introduction
History and Physical Principles
G.T. Sincerbox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1 Holographic Storage Principles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
l.1 Redundant Storage ..................................... 6
l.2 Multiplexing........................................... 7
1.3 High Data Rate ........................................ 9
1.4 Rapid Access. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
l.5 Novel Functions ........................................ 9
2 Historical Development ...................................... 10
2.1 Bell Labs and the Digital Page. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 11
2.2 IBM HOSP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 11
2.3 RCA Holographic Melllory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 12
2.4 3M Holographic Data Storage System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 12
2.5 Thompson-CSF Read Write Memory
Using Angular Multiplexing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 13
2.6 NEC Holographic Coding Plate or Holotablet .............. 13
2.7 Harris-Intertype Wide-Band Recorder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 13
2.8 Hitachi Holographic Video Disk .......................... 14
2.9 Optical Data Systems Holoscan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 14
2.10 Holographic Storage in the Soviet Union. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 14
2.11 NEC Holographic Disk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 15
2.12 MEl Kanji Character Generation System .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 15
2.13 Tamarack Multistore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 16
2.14 The PRISM Test Stand .................................. 16
2.15 Stanford University ................................... " 16
2.16 Holoplex Memory Device for Fingerprint Verification. . . . . . .. 17
2.17 Rockwell Read-Only Demonstrator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 17
2.18 IBM DEMON. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 18
3 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 18
References ..................................................... 19
X Contents
Volume Holographic Multiplexing Methods
G. Barbastathis and D. Psaltis ................................... 21
1 Holographic Storage and Retrieval. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 21
1.1 Overview of Holographic Multiplexing Methods. . . . . . . . . . . .. 2S
1.2 Holographic Storage Geometries and Imaging Systems. . . . . .. 28
2 Scattering froIll Volume Gratings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 30
2.1 Volume Diffraction in the Born Approximation. . . . . . . . . . . .. 31
2.2 Volume Diffraction of Scalar Fields. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 33
2.3 Volume Diffraction Calculations
Using the k-Sphere Formulation ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 42
2.4 Visualization of the Multiplexing Methods
on the Grating Space. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 47
2.5 Grating Manifold Motion and Fractall\Iultiplexing. . . . . . . . .. 52
3 Architectures for Holographic Memories. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 55
3.1 The Holographic 3-D Disk Geometry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 55
3.2 The Holographic Random-Access Memory (HRAlVI) . . . . . . . .. 57
3.3 The Phase Conjugate Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 57
4 Summary.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 59
References ..................................................... 59
Fundamental Noise Sources in Volume Holographic Storage
C. Gu, P. Yeh, X. Yi, and .T. Hong. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 63
1 Cross-Talk Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 63
1.1 Theoretical Formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 64
1.2 Cross-Talk Noise and Signal-to-Noise Ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 66
1.3 Storage Capacity ....................................... 72
2 Intrinsic Scattering Noise. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 76
3 Noise Gratings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 79
4 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 87
References ..................................................... 87
Part II Recording Media
Bit Error Rate for Holographic Data Storage
.T.A. Hoffnagle and C.M. Jefferson. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. !)1
1 Definition of Bit Error Rate .................................. 92
2 BER in Terms of Pixel Distribution Functions .................. 93
3 Experimental Distributions of CCD Pixel Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 04
4 A pplicatiolls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. !l!l
References ..................................................... 100