History (Std12 - English Medium)

2006·1.2 MB·English

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©Government of Tamil Nadu
First Edition - 2007
Chairperson
Higher Secondary - Second Year Dr. N. Rajendran
Professor of History,
Bharathidasan University,
Trichy - 24.
Prepared as per recommendation of the
Textbook Development Committee, this New Textbook is
prepared according to the Syllabus published in 2003-04.
Reviewer
Dr. K.Bharathi,
A Publication under Government of Reader in History
Tamilnadu Distribution of Pachaiyappa’s College,
Free Textbook Programme Chennai - 30.
(Not for Sale)
Authors
Dr. Shanthi Jubilee Tmt S.K. Rajeswari
Untouchability is a sin P.G. Asst. Headmistress (History) P.G. Asst. (History)
Untouchability is a crime C.S.I. Northwick (G) Hr. Sec.School Govt. Hr. Sec.School
Royapuram, West Mambalam,
Untouchability is inhuman
Chennai - 13. Ashok Nagar, (Pudur)
Chennai - 83.
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FOREWORD PREFACE
Academics, parents and the educational media have represented The XII History book is the ollective effort of the committee
to the Government of Tamil Nadu, to reform the Plus one and Plus two
constituted for this purpose. The committee while writing this text book
text books, which were introduced in the academic year 2005-06. Our
has kept in mind the requirements of the students based on the guidelines
beloved Chief Minister, who has always been evincing keen interest in
educational development, immediately constituted a “Text Book given in the syllabus. Since the plus Two History book deals with Modern
Development Committee” under the Chairmanship of the Vice-Chairman, India. Contemporary India, Modern World and Contemporary World latest
State Planning Commission, Government of Tamil Nadu.
information available is included for the benefit of the students.
The Text Book Development Committee solicited opinion from
The area covered in the syllabus is indeed comprehensive. The
lecturers and professors from Higher Secondary Schools, Colleges and
entire modern Indian History and major events of world history are dealt
Universities, Chairpersons and authors of text books. After perusing the
opinions, the Text Book Development Committee, decided not to change with. While writing these lessons care was taken to the present facts.
ths syllabi, but recommended suitable changes in the text books. However, it is not possible to provide all the facts. Hence, the main
yardstick used was to provide the important facts necessary for gaining
In particular, it was proposed to rewrite the History text book, and
accepting this proposal, this text book is rewritten by experienced and knowledge.
efficient teachers.
The lessons of the book are arranged as per the syllabus guidelines.
We are pleased to place on record our sincere gratitude to our
The facts and figures provided in this book are based on credible sources.
beloved Chief Minister. Our thanks are due to Hon’ble Minister for School
At the end of each lesson questions are given. These questions are only
Education, Secretary and Director, Department of School Education,
illustrative examples and serve as the model. The model questions
Government of Tamil Nadu for their valuable support and suggestions.
test the descriptive and analytical abilities of the students. However, the
We thank, lecturers and Professors from Higher Secondary
students ought to go through the entire text of the book in order to gain
Schools, Colleges and Universities, Chairpersons and authors of text
knowledge of the subject.
books, non-teaching staff of edcuation department and State Planning
Commission for their help at various stages in this endeavor.
I take this opportunity to thank all those who are connected with
We wish the students to learn and perform well in the examinations. the writing of this book.
Prof. M. Naganathan Dr. N. RAJENDRAN
Chairman Chairperson
Text Book Development Committee XII History
Government of Tamil Nadu
iii iv
STANDARD XII - HISTORY Unit IV
7. India’s Freedom Movement (First two phases) -
SYLLABUS
Emergence - Growth - Moderates - Extremists -
Periods
Minto - Morley Reforms - Home Rule Movement –
Unit I
Montagu - Chelmsford Reforms 15
1. India under East India Company’s Rule -
8. India’s Freedom Movement (Gandhian Period) -
Administration - Charter Acts - Expansion
Non-Co-operation Movement - Swarajya Party -
policy - Colonial and Economic policies 10
Simon Commission - Salt Satyagraha -
Round Table Conferences - Gandhi - Irwin Pact –
2. Education under the Company’s Rule - Social and
Individual Satyagraha - Cripps Mission -Quit India
Modernisation Reforms introduced by British
Movement etc.) 15
Governors - General (Reforms of Bentinck
and Dalhousie) 10 9. Role of Tamil Nadu in India’s Freedom Movement
(Justice Party’s Rule, Congress Movement) 15
Unit II
Unit V
3. British Rule in Tamil Nadu - Palayakkarar
Rebellion - Vellore Mutiny 10 10.India after Independence - Social, Economic,
Scientific and Technological Progress -
4. The Great Revolt of 1857 - Causes - Results - Foreign Policy (1947 - 2000) 10
First War of Indian Independence - End of
Company’s Rule - Queen’s Proclamation 10 Unit VI
11.Renaissance - Discovery of Sea Routes -
Unit III Reformation - Counter Reformation 15
5. Socio - Religious Reform Movements in the 12.American War of Independence -
19th century India (Brahmo Samaj, Arya Samaj, French Revolution - Causes and Results 10
Theosophical Society, Ramakrishna Movement,
Muslim, Parsi and Sikh Reform Movements) Unit VII
13.Industrial and Agrarian Revolutions -
6. Changes in Indian Administration after 1858
Causes – Results 10
(1861 Act - Ripon- 1892 Act-Administrative
Reforms under Lord Curzon and their effects)
v vi
14.Spread of Colonialism - Imperialism - CONTENTS
First World War - Russian Revolution MODERN INDIAN HISTORY
League of Nations 15
Sub. Page
No. No.
Unit VIII
1. India Under the English East India Company: 1
15.Rise of Fascism and Nazism -
Warren Hastings (1772-1785)
Second World War - Causes - Results 10
2. Lord Cornwallis (1786-1793) 15
Unit IX 3. The Marquess of Wellesley (1798-1805) 24
4. Lord Hastings (1813-1823) 37
16.Growth of Asian Nations - China and Japan
after Second World War 15 5. Lord William Bentinck (1828-1835) 46
6. Lord Dalhousie (1848-1856) 56
Unit X
7. Revenue Administration and Economic
Policy of the British 66
17.U.N.O and its role in World Peace. 10
8. Educational and Social Reforms 76
18. Cold Wars - Super Powers - Regional Security
9. Palayakkarar Rebellion 86
Agreements (NATO,”SEATO and Warsaw Pact) -
10. Vellore Mutiny 95
Growth of Atomic Weapons - Missiles - Peace
Efforts - Fall of Socialist States - Liberalisation – 11. The Great Revolt of 1857 102
Globalisation - World Today. 15 12. British India After 1858: Lord Lytton (1876-1880),
Lord Ripon (1880-1884) And Lord Curzon (1899-1905) 114
13. Socio-Religious Reform Movements 125
14. Indian National Movement (1885-1905) 139
15. Indian National Movement (1905-1916) 148
16. The Indian National Movement (1917-1947) 158
17. Role of Tamil Nadu in the Indian National Movement 177
18. The Justice Party Rule 186
19. Constitutional Development (1858 – 1947) 194
20. India After Independence 206
vii viii
MODERN WORLD HISTORY SOME OF THE IMPORTANT GOVERNOR-GENERALS
GOVERNORS-GENERAL OF FORT WILLIAM IN BENGAL
21. Renaissance 223
(Regulating Act of 1773)
22. Geographical Discoveries 234
23. The Reformation and Counter Reformation 242
24. The American War of Independence (1776-1783) 252 Name Period
25. French Revolution 261 Warren Hastings 1774-1785
26. Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions 273 Earl (Marquess) Cornwallis 1786-1793
27. First World War 284 Richard Wellesley, Earl of Mornington 1798-1805
28. Russian Revolution of 1917 295 Marquess Cornwallis (Second time Govenor General) 1805
29. The League of Nations 304 Marquess of Hastings (Earl of Moira) 1813-1823
Lord William Bentinck 1828-1833
30. Rise of Fascism and Nazism 314
31. Second World War 326 GOVERNORS-GENERAL OF INDIA
32. Growth of Asian Nations: China And Japan 335 (Charter Act of 1833)
33. United Nations Organisation 343 Lord William Bentinck 1833-1835
34. The Cold War 353 Earl of Dalhousie 1848-1856
35. World Today 360 Lord Canning 1856-1858
GOVERNORS-GENERAL AND VICEROYS
(Act of 1858)
Lord Canning 1858-1862
Baron (Earl of) Lytton I 1876-1880
Marquess of Ripon 1880-1884
Lord Curzon 1899-1904
Baron Chelmsford 1916-1921
Lord Irwin 1926-1931
Earl of Willingdon 1931-1934
Marquess of Linlithgow 1934-1936
Mountbatten 24 March 1947 - 15 August 1947
AFTER INDEPENDENCE
Mountbatten 1947-1948
Rajagopalachari 1948-1950
ix x
LESSON 1 In 1639, Francis Day established the city of
Madras and constructed the Fort St. George. On
INDIA UNDER THE ENGLISH EAST INDIA COMPANY:
the west coast, the Company obtained Bombay on
WARREN HASTINGS (1772-1785)
lease from their King, Charles II for a rent of 10
pounds per annum in 1668. By the year 1690, Job
Charnock, the agent of the East India Company
Learning Objectives
purchased three villages namely, Sutanuti,
Students will acquire knowledge about Warren Hastings
Govindpur and Kalikatta, which, in course of time,
1. The growth of East India Company’s Rule in India.
grew into the city of Calcutta. It was fortified by
2. Reforms introduced by the first Governor-General, Warren
Job Charnock, who named it Fort William after the English King,
Hastings.
William III. The factories and trading centres which the English
3. Provisions, merits and defects of the Regulating Act of 1773.
established all along the sea-coast of India were grouped under three
4. Expansion policy of Warren Hastings - the First Maratha
presidencies namely Bombay, Madras and Calcutta.
War and the Second Mysore War.
After the Battle of Plassey in 1757 and the Battle of Buxar
5. Pitt’s India Act of 1784.
in 1764, the Company became a political power. India was under
6. Impeachment of Warren Hastings.
the East India Company’s rule till 1858 when it came under the direct
The English East India Company administration of the British Crown. Robert Clive was the first
Governor of Fort William under the Company’s rule. He was
The English East India Company was established on 31
succeeded by Verelst and Cartier. In 1772, the Company appointed
December 1600 as per the Royal Charter issued by the Queen of
Warren Hastings as the Governor of Fort William.
England, Elizabeth I. The Company had sent Captain Hawkins to the
court of the Mughal Emperor, Jahangir in 1608 to secure permission Reforms of Warren Hastings
to establish a “factory” (store house of goods) at Surat. It was turned
When Warren Hastings assumed the administration of Bengal
down initially. However, in 1613, Jahangir issued
in 1772, he found it in utter chaos. The financial position of the
the firman permitting the East India Company to
Company became worse and the difficulties were intensified by
establish its first trading post at Surat. Subsequently,
famine. Therefore, Warren Hastings realized the immediate need for
Sir Thomas Roe obtained more trading rights and
introducing reforms.
privileges for the East India Company. Accordingly,
the English set up business centres at Agra, Abolition of the Dual System
Ahmedabad and Broach. Slowly the English East
The East India Company decided to act as Diwan and to
India Company succeeded in expanding its area
undertake the collection of revenue by its own agents. Hence, the
Sir Thomas Roe
of trade.
Dual System introduced by Robert Clive was abolished. As a measure
1 2
to improve the finances of the Company, Warren Hastings reduced Collector and a criminal court under an Indian Judge. To hear appeals
the Nawab’s allowance of 32 lakhs of rupees to half that amount. from the district courts two appellate courts, one for civil cases and
He also stopped the annual payment of 26 lakhs given to the Mughal another for criminal cases, were established at Calcutta. The highest
Emperor. civil court of appeal was called Sadar Diwani Adalat, which was to
be presided over by the Governor and two judges recruited from
Revenue Reforms
among the members of his council. Similarly, the highest appellate
After the abolition of the Dual System, the responsibility of
criminal court was known as Sadar Nizamat Adalat which was to
collecting the revenue fell on the shoulders of the Company. For that
function under an Indian judge appointed by the Governor-in-Council.
purpose, a Board of Revenue was established at Calcutta to
Experts in Hindu and Muslim laws were provided to assist the
supervise the collection of revenue. English Collectors were appointed
judges. A digest of Hindu law was prepared in Sanskrit by learned
in each district. The treasury was removed from Murshidabad to
Pandits and it was translated into Persian. An English translation of
Calcutta and an Accountant General was appointed. Calcutta thus
it – Code of Hindu Laws – was prepared by Halhed.
became the capital of Bengal in 1772 and shortly after of British
India. Trade Regulations and other Reforms
The Board of Revenue farmed out the lands by auction for a Warren Hastings abolished the system of dastaks, or free passes
period of five years instead of one year in order to find out their real and regulated the internal trade. He reduced the number of custom houses
value. The zamindars were given priority in the auction. However, and enforced a uniform tariff of 2.5 percent for Indian and non-Indian
certain good measures were taken to safeguard the interests of the goods. Private trade by the Company’s servants continued but within
peasants. Arbitrary cesses and unreasonable fines were abolished. enforceable limits. Weavers were given better treatment and facilities
Besides, restrictions were imposed on the enhancement of rent. Yet, were made to improve their condition. He also introduced a uniform
the system was a failure. Many zamindars defaulted and the arrears system of pre-paid postage system. A bank was started in Calcutta. He
of revenue accumulated. improved the police in Calcutta and the dacoits were severely dealt with.
Reorganisation of the Judicial System The Regulating Act of 1773
The judicial system at the time of Warren Hastings’ ascendancy The Regulating Act of 1773 opened a new chapter in the
was a store-house of abuses. The Nawab who was hitherto the chief constitutional history of the Company. Previously, the Home
administrator of justice, misused his powers. Often, his judgments government in England consisted of the Court of Directors and the
were careless. The zamindars who acted as judges at lower levels Court of Proprietors. The Court of Directors were elected annually
within their own areas were highly corrupt and prejudiced. On the and practically managed the affairs of the Company. In India, each
whole, the judicial institution suffered from extreme corruption. of the three presidencies was independent and responsible only to
the Home Government. The government of the presidency was
Warren Hastings felt the necessity of reorganising the judicial
conducted by a Governor and a Council.
system. Each district was provided with a civil court under the
3 4
The following conditions invited the Parliamentary intervention (iv) The Governor-General in Council was made supreme over the
in the Company’s affairs. The English East India Company became other Presidencies in matters of war and peace.
a territorial power when it acquired a wide dominion in India and (v) Provision was made in the Act for the establishment of a
also the Diwani rights. Its early administration was not only corrupt Supreme Court at Calcutta consisting of a Chief Justice and
but notorious. When the Company was in financial trouble, its servants three junior judges. It was to be independent of the Governor-
were affluent. The disastrous famine which broke out in Bengal in General in Council. In 1774, the Supreme Court was established
1770 affected the agriculturists. As a result, the revenue collection by a Royal Charter.
was poor. In short, the Company was on the brink of bankruptcy. In
(vi) This Act prevented the servants of the Company including the
1773, the Company approached the British government for an
Governor-General, members of his council and the judges of
immediate loan. It was under these circumstances that the Parliament
the Supreme Court from receiving directly or indirectly any
of England resolved to regulate the affairs of the Company. Lord
gifts in kind or cash.
North, the Prime Minister of England, appointed a select committee
Merits and Demerits of the Act
to inquire into the affairs of the Company. The report submitted by
the Committee paved the way for the enactment of the Regulating The significance of the Regulating Act is that it brought the
Act. affairs of the Company under the control of the Parliament. Besides,
it proved that the Parliament of England was concerned about the
Provisions of the Act
welfare of Indians. The greatest merit of this Act is that it put an
The Regulating Act reformed the Company’s Government at
end to the arbitrary rule of the Company and provided a framework
Home and in India. The important provisions of the Act were:
for all future enactments relating to the governing of India.
(i) The term of office of the members of the Court of Directors
The main defect of the Act was that the Governor-General
was extended from one year to four years. One-fourth of them
was made powerless because the council which was given supreme
were to retire every year and the retiring Directors were not
power often created deadlocks by over-ruling his decision. However,
eligible for re-election.
many of these defects were rectified by the Pitt’s India Act of 1784.
(ii) The Governor of Bengal was styled the Governor-General of
Expansionist Policy of Warren Hastings
Fort William whose tenure of office was for a period of five
Warren Hastings was known for his expansionist policy. His
years.
administration witnessed the Rohilla War, the First Anglo-Maratha
(iii) A council of four members was appointed to assist the
War and the Second Anglo-Mysore War.
Governor-General. The government was to be conducted in
The Rohilla War (1774)
accordance with the decision of the majority. The Governor-
General had a casting vote in case of a tie. Rohilkand was a small kingdom situated in between Oudh and
the Marathas. Its ruler was Hafiz Rahmat Khan. He concluded a
5 6
defensive treaty in 1772 with the Nawab of Oudh fearing an attack Later in May 1782, the Treaty of Salbai was signed between Warren
by the Marathas. But no such attack took place. But, the Nawab Hastings and Mahadaji Scindia. Accordingly, Salsette and Bassein
demanded money. When Rahmat Khan evaded, the Nawab with the were given to the British. Raghunath Rao was pensioned off and
help of the British invaded Rohilkand. Warren Hastings, who sent Madhav Rao II was accepted as the Peshwa.
the British troops against Rohilkand was severely crticised for his
The Treaty of Salbai established the British influence in Indian
policy on Rohilla affair.
politics. It provided the British twenty years of peace with the
First Anglo-Maratha War (1775-82) Marathas. The Treaty also enabled the British to exert pressure on
Mysore with the help of the Marathas in recovering their territories
The Marathas were largely remained disunited since the Third
from Haider Ali. Thus, the British, on the one hand, saved themselves
Battle of Panipet (1761). The internal conflict among the Marathas
from the combined opposition of Indian powers and on the other,
was best utilized by the British in their expansionist policy. In 1775,
succeeded in dividing the Indian powers.
there was a dispute for the post of Peshwa between Madhav Rao
and his uncle Ragunatha Rao. The British authorities in Bombay The Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780-84)
concluded the Treaty of Surat with Raghunatha Rao in March 1775.
The first Anglo-Mysore War took place in 1767-69. Haider Ali
Rahunatha Rao promised to cede Bassein and Salsette to the British
emerged victorious against the British and at the end of the War a
but later when he was unwilling to fulfill his promise, the British
defensive treaty was concluded between Haider Ali
captured them. This action of the Bombay Government was not
and the British. After eleven years, the Second
approved by Warren Hastings. In 1776, Warren Hastings sent Colonel
Mysore War broke out and the main causes for the
Upton to settle the issue. He cancelled the Treaty of Surat and
second Anglo-Mysore War were:
concluded the Treaty of Purander with Nana Fadnavis, another
1. The British failed to fulfill the terms of the
Maratha leader. According to this treaty Madhava Rao II was
defensive treaty with Haider when he was
accepted as the new Peshwa and the British retained Salsette along
attacked by the Marathas in 1771.
with a heavy war indemnity.
Haider Ali
2. There was an outbreak of hostilities between
However, the Home authorities rejected the Treaty of
the English and the French (an ally of Haider)
Purander. Warren Hastings also considered the Treaty of Purandar
during the American War of Independence.
as a ‘scrap of paper’ and sanctioned operations against the Marathas.
In the meantime, the British force sent by the Bombay Government 3. The British captured Mahe, a French settlement within Haider’s
was defeated by the Marathas. territories.
In 1781, Warren Hastings dispatched British troops under the 4. Haider Ali formed a grand alliance with the Nizam of
command of Captain Popham. He defeated the Maratha chief, Hyderabad and the Marathas against the British in 1779.
Mahadaji Scindia, in a number of small battles and captured Gwalior.
The War began when the British led their forces through
7 8
Haider’s territory without his permission to capture Guntur in the Pitt’s India Act constitutes a significant landmark with regard
Northern Sarkars. Haider Ali defeated Colonel Baillie and captured to the foreign policy of the Company. A critical review of the Act
Arcot in 1780. In the next year, Warren Hastings, by a clever stroke reveals that it had introduced a kind of contradiction in the functions
of diplomacy, divided the Confederacy. He made peace with the of the Company. The Court of Directors controlled its commercial
Nizam, won the friendship of Bhonsle and came to an understanding functions, whereas the Board of Control maintained its political affairs.
with the Scindia (both Marathas). Consequently, Haider was isolated In fact, the Board represented the King, and the Directors symbolised
without any alliance. He was defeated by Sir Eyre Coote at Porto the Company.
Novo in March 1781. In December 1782, Haider died of cancer at
The Impeachment of Warren Hastings
the age of sixty and his death was kept secret till his son Tipu Sultan
The Pitt’s India Act of 1784 was a rude shock and bitter
assumed power.
disappointment for Warren Hastings. The Prime Minister’s speech
The Second Mysore War came to an end by the Treaty of
censuring the policy of the Government of Bengal was considered
Mangalore in 1783. Accordingly, all conquests were mutually
by Warren Hastings as a reflection on his personal character. His
restored and the prisoners on both sides were liberated.
image and reputation were tarnished in England. Therefore, he
Pitt’s India Act, 1784 resigned and left India in June 1785.
The Regulating Act proved to be an unsatisfactory document In 1787, Warren Hastings was impeached in the Parliament by
as it failed in its objective. In January 1784, Pitt the Younger (who Edmund Burke and the Whigs for his administrative excess. Burke
became Prime Minister of England after the General Elections) brought forward 22 charges against him. The most important of them
introduced the India Bill in the British Parliament. Despite bitter were related to the Rohilla War, the Case of Nanda Kumar, the
debate in both the Houses, the bill was passed after seven months treatment of Raja Chait Singh of Benares and the pressures on the
and it received royal assent in August 1784. This was the famous Begums of Oudh. After a long trail which lasted till 1795, Warren
Pitt’s India Act of 1784. Hastings was completely acquitted. He received pension from the
Company and lived till 1818.
Main Provisions
Nanda Kumar was an influential official in Bengal. He
(i) A Board of Control consisting of six members was created.
was hanged to death by the verdict of the Supreme Court at
They were appointed by the Crown.
Calcutta for a petty offence of forgery. The English law was
(ii) The Court of Directors was retained without any alteration in
applied in this judgement. It was contended that Warren
its composition.
Hastings and Sir Elija Impey, the judge of the Supreme Court
(iii) The Act also introduced significant changes in the Indian conspired against Nanda Kumar. Warren Hastings imposed
administration. It reduced the number of the members of the heavy penalty on the Raja Chait Singh of Benares for his delay
Governor-General’s Council from four to three including the in payment of tribute and deposed him in an unjust manner.
Commander-in-Chief.
9 10