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Рецензент: д. филол. н., профессор В.Б. Кашкин PPPPeeeettttrrrr YYYYaaaannnnoooovvvv Воронеж 2012 От автора Элективный курс “History of Mysterious Britain ” рекомендован для учащихся 10-11 классов профильных классов общеобразовательных школ или для студентов языковых факультетов. Этот курс расширит кругозор учащихся (студентов) и создаст положительную мотивацию для изучения английского языка. Тексты для чтения взяты из следующих источников “An Illustrated History of Britain” под редакцией David McDowall, “History and Culture of Britain” авторы Шарова Н.А. и Еремеев Я.Н. и др. (см. сноски после тексов). Следует отметить, что представленные в курсе тексты имеют предтекстовые, текстовые и послетекстовые задания. В целях подготовки учащихся к ЕГЭ использованы задания к текстам, подобные представленным в демонстрационном варианте ЕГЭ 2009г. Английский язык – 11класс раздел 2 (чтение). В элективном курсе представлена информация об истории Британии. С целью снятия трудностей у учащихся, представленные тексты – сокращенный вариант аутентичных текстов (abridged texts). В конце элективного курса представлены вопросы для проверки учащихся (checking task). Рецензент: д. филол. н., профессор В.Б. Кашкин Дизайн обложки А.Н. Филонов 2 Contents Unit I..........................................................................................................4 The Celts.................................................................................................4 Roman Britain ........................................................................................8 The Saxon invasion..............................................................................11 The Vikings..........................................................................................13 King Alfred the Great...........................................................................14 Unit II ......................................................................................................16 The Norman Conquest .........................................................................16 The beginning of Parliament................................................................19 The Wars of the Roses .........................................................................21 Unit III.....................................................................................................23 King HуnryVIII....................................................................................23 Queen Elizabeth. ..................................................................................28 Unit IV.....................................................................................................30 The Stuarts...........................................................................................30 Britain in the 18th century....................................................................33 Napoleonic Wars..................................................................................36 Queen Victoria. ....................................................................................39 Unit V......................................................................................................42 th The 20 century....................................................................................42 Margaret Thatcher................................................................................46 Elizabeth II...........................................................................................49 Checking task..........................................................................................52 3 Unit I The Celts I) Before reading: What do you know about the Celts? The Tasks II) While-reading tasks 1. Put the events in the right order a. The Celtic tribes expended their dominance into Ireland, northern Italy, parts of Spain. b. The Celts consisted of dozens and dozens of individual Celtic tribes c. The Celts of the main continents were largely ruled by the chieftain of their individual tribe d. The druids were the high priests of the Celtic pagan religion e. The ancient Celts lived in scattered villages without fortified walls. Questions. 1. What was Celtic written language? 2. What Celts formed kingships and kingdoms? 3. When did the Celts expend their dominance into Ireland and northern Italy? 4. What did the Celts look like? 5. What did the Celtic women and men wear? 6. What did the primeval Celts believe in? 7. Who were the druids? The Celts have been called the “Fathers of Europe”, that is north of the Greco-Roman Mediterranean. Long before the Germanic invasions of the 400s A.D, the Romans considered the Celts as the principal barbarians north of the Alps. 4 The Celts had no written language, so we must depend on archaeology, Greek and Roman writers from antiquity, and early Irish monks to tell us the story of the primeval Celts. Some modern writers have even called the land of the Celts an ancient “Celtic Empire” across Europe. But it was not an empire in the same sense as the Roman Empire.The Celts consisted of dozens, and dozens, and dozens of individual Celtic tribes, each acting independently and on their own. Sometimes these tribes would join together against a common enemy, as when the Celtic chieftain Vercingetorix was pitted against the Roman legions of Julius Caesar in Gaul. And combined Celtic tribes could field an army of 100,000 warriors. An important distinction should be made here, between the Celts of Ireland and their Celtic cousins on the mainland of Europe, the latter whom we shall call the “continental Celts”. The Celts of Ireland were able to form kingships and kingdoms, and had a stronger sense of Celtic Unity that has lasted. The Celts of this period were a Bronze Age people, although before long they became the first people north of the Mediterranean civilizations to use iron, giving the Celts a superior position in weapons and tools in their geographic region. From about 400-100 B.C., a period called the La Tene Celtic civilization; the Celtic tribes expanded their dominance into Ireland, northern Italy, parts of Spain, parts of Belgium, Bosnia in the Balkans, and had some presence in southern Scandinavia. This time period is when the Romans began to be a powerhouse in the Mediterranean world. The Celts on the main continent were largely ruled by the chieftain of their individual tribe. Some chieftains were elected by the free men of the tribe for a limited term of office. Here are some of the names of ancient Celtic chieftains, to get an idea of what the old Celtic names sounded like: Orgetorix, Sinorix, Dunmorix, Cartismandua (a woman), Prasutagus, Clondicus, Luernios, Ariamnes, and Adiatorix. The “rix” ending to the Celtic name signified that the person was a supreme chieftain. The great names of the Gaulish chieftain Vercingetorix and Boadicea, the female chieftain of Celtic Briton, will come up later in our story. 5 Classical writers said that the Celts were taller than the Romans, more muscular, had fair skin, and blonde hair was common. They were fond of feasting, were high-spirited, and in general liked excitement. The ancient Celts lived in scattered villages without fortified walls. In wartime, they would build hill forts for protection. Their homes were circular and made of wood with thatched domelike roofs. They had little furniture, and ate and drank out of earthen dishes and goblets. They slept on beds of straw. Agriculture was a major activity of the Celts of old, with many of them owning private farmlands. They produced mostly wheat for bread. The Celtic women wore a simple long garment with a cloak. The men wore trousers (sometimes knee length), a sleeved tunic reaching the thigh, a cloak, and sandals or boots. A metal piece of jewelry for around the neck called torc (torques) was quite popular. Men wore droopy moustaches, sometimes beard, and often long hair, all of this in contrast to the contemporary Romans. Women enjoyed painting their bodies, and some tribes of Celtic warriors went into battle stark naked and painted all over in bright blue. The basic social structure was threefold: the chieftain, the warrior aristocracy, and the freeman farmers. Women had a lower place, but some women were able to attain the position of chieftain, which was unknown in other cultures of the period. The primeval Celts believed in the immortality of the soul, and had a host of divinities they gave homage to-over 370 such gods and goddesses have been documented. The druids were the high priests of the Celtic pagan religion. They led the pagan rituals and ceremonies, offered sacrifices, engaged in fortune-telling. The oak tree was sacred to the druids, and rituals were often performed in oak groves. The Celts followed a lunar calendar and the full moon had importance. The bull was a sacred animal. One major Celtic festival was Beltaine on May 1 (May Day), which celebrated crop planting and fertility. By 100 B.C. two things were happening on mainland Europe that was very important to the Celts there. First, the Romans were beginning to look northward, hungry for conquest. The Germanic tribes to the far 6 north were looking southward and westward, also hungry for conquest. The continental Celts were sandwiched in between by hostile invaders. This vibrant culture was wiped out of Europe and the Celts were driven to the Atlantic fringes by the legions of Rome. They became the eternal victims, the romantic underdogs of history. (From Celts. Ed. by Raftery Joseph, Dublin: 1964) Post-reading task. Divide the text into … parts, give titles to each part and retell the text. 7 Roman Britain PPPPrrrreeee----rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg ttttaaaasssskkkk Describe the political and social situation on the British Isles by the time of the Roman Invasion. What were the Roman interests in Britain? WWWWhhhhiiiilllleeee rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg ttttaaaasssskkkk Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски 1-6 частями предложений, обозначенными буквами А-F одна из частей A-F лишняя. Занесите букву, обозначающую соответствующую часть предложения в таблицу. A. Who were much better trained defeated the Celts in several battles. B. when finally defeated by the Romans C. because they had a better trained army and because Celtic tribes fought among themselves D. which ran from Dover to London, then to Chester and into Wales E. which were built with stone as well as wood F. which contained many rooms with mosaic floors and central heating st The Romans conquered Britain in the 1 century AD. Britain was a province of the Roman Empire for about four centuries. In 55 B.C. a Roman army of 10,000 men crossed the Channel and invaded Britain. The Celts made a great impression on the Romans who saw them for the first time in battle. On the occasion of the battle their hair and moustaches were dyed red and their legs and arms were painted blue. With loud shouts they attacked the Romans in chariots and on foot and the well-armed invincible Romans less than one of the greatest of that time had to return to Gaul. 8 In the next year, 54 B.C. Caesar again came to Britain, this time with larger forces (25,000 men). The Romans who had better arms and armour and … But it was not until almost a century later, in AD 43 that a Roman army actually occupied Britain. The Romans were determined to conquer the whole island. British Queen Boadicea headed a revolt against the Romans and destroyed Camulodunum and Londinium. There was neither mercy nor hope. Everyone Roman or Romanized was massacred and everything was destroyed. She took poison … The Romans had little difficulty, apart from Boadicea’s revolt… The Romans considered the Celts as war-mad, high spirited and quick for battle, a description some would still give the Scots, Irish and Welsh today. Roman control of Britain came to an end as the empire began to collapse. The first signs were the attacks by Celts of Caledonia in AD 367. The Romans left about twenty large towns of about 5,000 inhabitants and almost one hundred smaller ones, and had planned streets, markets and shops. They were connected by roads which were so well built that they survived when later roads broke up. These roads continued to be used long after the Romans left and became the main roads of modern Britain. York, Gloucester, Lincoln and London became the Chief Roman towns; there were also about 50 other smaller towns. The rich merchants and officials had luxurious houses … Every Roman town had a good supply of pure water. Temples and public baths could be found in most towns. The noble Celts adopted the mode of life of their conquerors. They lived in rich houses and they dressed as Romans. The Celts went on living in their tiny huts, they spoke their Celtic tongue and they did not understand the language of their rulers. The Romans ruled Britain for 500 years and they gave the Britons their first written historical description. They recorded their versions of what was happening and the names of people who were making it happen. (From “History and culture of Britain” by Еремеев Я.Н. Шарова Н.А., Voronezh, 2005) 9 PPPPoooosssstttt----rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg ttttaaaasssskkkk Describe: 1) the Roman Conquest of Britain 2) Roman influence in Britain. 10