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Historical Linguistics: A Cognitive Grammar Introduction PDF

261 Pages·2020·5.435 MB·English
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Historical Linguistics A cognitive grammar introduction Margaret E. Winters John Benjamins Publishing Company Historical Linguistics Historical Linguistics A cognitive grammar introduction Margaret E. Winters Wayne State University John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam / Philadelphia TM The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of 8 the American National Standard for Information Sciences – Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ansi z39.48-1984. doi 10.1075/z.227 Cataloging-in-Publication Data available from Library of Congress: lccn 2020005905 isbn 978 90 272 0550 6 (Hb) isbn 978 90 272 0551 3 (Pb) isbn 978 90 272 6123 6 (e-book) © 2020 – John Benjamins B.V. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other means, without written permission from the publisher. John Benjamins Publishing Company · https://benjamins.com For my family, Geoffrey, Eleanor, and Leendert Table of contents List of figures xiii Preface xv Acknowledgments xvii chapter 1 What is language change? 1 1. Introduction 1 2. Characteristics of language 4 2.1 The human element 4 2.2 Arbitrariness 4 2.3 Creativity 5 2.4 Physicality 6 3. Change 6 3.1 Life cycles 6 3.2 What changes? 9 4. Evidence of change 11 5. Cognitive Grammar as a framework 15 6. Book overview 17 7. Conclusion 20 Exercises 20 For further investigation 22 chapter 2 Studying change 23 1. Overview 23 2. Uniformitarianism 24 3. Coincidence and universals 24 3.1 Pure coincidence 25 3.2 Universals 26 3.2.1 Absolute universals 26 3.2.2 Relative universals 28 4. Genetic relationships and families 29 4.1 The Genealogical (Tree) model 29 4.2 The wave model 32 4.3 Contemporary approaches 34 5. Contact among languages 35 5.1 Kinds of contact 35 viii Historical Linguistics 5.2 Stratal influence 38 5.3 Areal influence 41 5.4 Pidgins and creoles 42 6. Conclusion 43 Exercises 44 For further investigation 45 chapter 3 Lexical change 47 1. Overview 47 2. Etymology 47 2.1 Basic vocabulary 48 2.2 Coinage 48 2.3 Lexical loss 52 3. The nature of meaning 53 4. More general trends 58 4.1 Generalization (widening) 58 4.2 Narrowing 58 4.3 Meliorization 59 4.4 Pejoration 60 4.5 Shift 62 4.6 Metaphor 63 4.7 Metonymy 66 5. Wider tendencies and causation 67 5.1 Root, epistemic, and speech act meaning 68 6. Conclusion 70 Exercises 71 For further investigation 71 chapter 4 Phonetic change 73 1. Introduction 73 1.1 The scope of phonetics 73 2. A note on conventions and features 76 3. Unconditioned change 77 3.1 Simple changes 77 3.2 Complex changes: Chain shifts 78 3.3 Conclusion 80 4. Conditioned change 81 4.1 Positional conditioning 81 4.2 Conditioning by surrounding elements 84 4.2.1 Segmental influence 84 Table of contents ix 4.2.2 Suprasegmental influence 89 5. The wider context 91 5.1 Imitation and borrowing 92 5.2 Fortitions and lenitions 92 6. Consciousness of change 93 7. Conclusion 93 Exercises 94 For further investigation 95 chapter 5 Phonological change 97 1. Introduction 97 1.1 Phonetics and phonology 97 1.2 The phoneme 98 1.3 Formalism 100 1.4 Summary 101 2. Processes of phonemic change 101 2.1 Merger 101 2.2 Split 103 2.2.1 Allophonic split 104 2.2.2 The creation of phonemes: Phonologization 105 3. Phonological change as recategorization 107 3.1 Individual changes 107 3.2 Phonemic inventories 110 3.2.1 Patterns 110 3.2.2 Features 113 4. Actuation and expansion of use 115 4.1 Actuation 115 4.2 Expansion of use 116 5. Conclusion 117 Exercises 117 For further investigation 118 chapter 6 Morphological change 119 1. Introduction 119 1.1 Morphology and the morpheme 119 2. Word-level morphology 120 2.1 Coinage through affixes 121 2.2 Reanalysis across boundaries 122 3. Free and bound morphemes 123 3.1 Grammaticalization 124

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