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Historical Dictionary of Quotations in Cognitive Science: A Treasury of Quotations in Psychology, Philosophy, and Artificial Intelligence PDF

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HISTORICAL DICTIONARY OF QUOTATIONS IN COGNITIVE SCIENCE: A Treasury of Quotations in Psychology, Philosophy, and Artificial Intelligence Morton Wagman GREENWOOD PRESS HISTORICAL DICTIONARY OF QUOTATIONS IN COGNITIVE SCIENCE HISTORICAL DICTIONARY OF QUOTATIONS IN COGNITIVE SCIENCE A Treasury of Quotations in Psychology, Philosophy, and Artificial Intelligence Compiled by Morton Wagman Greenwood Press Westport, Connecticut • London LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Historicaldictionaryofquotationsincognitivescience : atreasuryofquotationsin psychology,philosophy,andartificialintelligence / [compiledby]MortonWagman. p. cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN0–313–31284–2(alk.paper) 1. Cognitivescience—Quotations,maxims,etc. 2. Artificialintelligence—Quotations, maxims,etc. 3. Psychology—Quotations,maxims,etc. 4. Philosophy—Quotations, maxims,etc. I. Wagman,Morton. PN6084.C545 H57 2000 153—dc21 99–043404 BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationDataisavailable. Copyright(cid:1)2000byMortonWagman Allrightsreserved.Noportionofthisbookmaybe reproduced,byanyprocessortechnique,withoutthe expresswrittenconsentofthepublisher. LibraryofCongressCatalogCardNumber:99–043404 ISBN:0–313–31284–2 Firstpublishedin2000 GreenwoodPress,88PostRoadWest,Westport,CT06881 AnimprintofGreenwoodPublishingGroup,Inc. www.greenwood.com PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica TM Thepaperusedinthisbookcomplieswiththe PermanentPaperStandardissuedbytheNational InformationStandardsOrganization(Z39.48–1984). 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents Preface vii Acknowledgments xi The Dictionary 1 Bibliography 241 Author Index 259 Subject Index 265 Preface Therearemany booksofquotations.Thisvolumeisahighlyspecialized one for the new areas of cognitive science that include psychology, phi- losophy, and artificial intelligence. This is the only book of its type. The quotations in this volume have been selected with regard to cri- teria of special interest to scholars, professionals, and graduate students inpsychology,philosophy,andartificialintelligence.Theselectionshave met one or more of the following criteria: appealing to special interest; beingwellexpressed,succinct,apt,pithy,clever,insightful,fundamental, basic; summarizing;epitomizing;clearlystatingaposition;providingan overview; illuminating a special topic; defining goals, presenting a his- torical sketch of an area of research; reflecting divergent assumptionsof scientists and scholars; contrasting methods and approaches; defining limitations in a conceptual area of research and theory; and, most im- portant, being centrally foundational to the field. The categories into which the quotations are divided representnearly two hundred aspects of thought, and the more than four hundred quo- tations represent the product of the best thinking of scholars and scien- tists within these categories, which have to do with the thinking that psychology, philosophy, and artificial intelligence comprise. The quota- tions are, of course, the manifest product of the scholars’ thought con- cerning some aspects of a category of thinking. Scholars, professionals, and graduate and advanced undergraduate students in psychology, philosophy, artificial intelligence, and related disciplines who are looking for the best thought in the form of an epit- omizing quotation concerning a specific topic or subtopic in cognitive science will find the book especially informative. The book is organized by a categorized system of key phrases. In this format, each category title is followed by a key phrase, for example, viii PREFACE Analogy The Mathematical View; or Artificial Intelligence Three GoalsofArtificialIntelligence.Thekeyphrasesepitomizetheintellectual contribution of the quotations they introduce, which span classical civi- lizationthroughtheRenaissanceandtheEnlightenmenttoscientificmo- dernity and the Information Age. The quotations, which vary in length from 10 words to 300 words, are followed by citations that provide source page numbers to enable the reader to locate the quotation and ascertain its context. Theorganizationofthecategories,thekeyphrases,andthequotations, along with the author index, the subject index, and the bibliography, is intended to facilitate use of this volume. Thus, the categories in the text are arranged alphabetically, with each quotation appearing under a heading consisting of the category title and the key phrase. Within each category,quotationsarearrangedchronologically.Theauthorindexlists alphabetically the names of the authors of the quotations andthenames cited within quotations. The subject index, which lists dictionary entries with page numbers in boldface, provides easy access to these category titles and key phrases. Appropriate cross-references for this data are cited. Finally, the complete bibliography of the books from which the quotations are drawn will prove to be a valuable resource to interested readers. Quality and recency of quotations are important selection criteria. Thus, outstanding intellectual developments in traditional artificial in- telligence as well as in more recent connectionist paradigms are well represented.Thebestquotationsfromcurrenttheoriesinthephilosophy of mind as well as influential quotations from venerable philosophical thought are included. Many of the quotations reflect contemporary de- velopmentsinlogic,language,andmathematicalthought.Cognitivepsy- chology, including memory, learning, reasoning, and problem solving, is well represented in many quotations. In short, this book is a treasury of thinking about thinking, a compendium of distinguished quotations in psychology, philosophy, artificial intelligence, and cognitive science. HistoricalDictionaryofQuotationsinCognitiveScience:ATreasuryofQuo- tationsinPsychology,Philosophy,andArtificialIntelligenceisthemostrecent volumeinaseriesofpublishedandplannedvolumeswiththeconsistent theme of developing intellectual grounding for establishing the theoret- ical and research foundations and the psychological and philosophical implications of a general unified theory of human and artificial intelli- gence (Wagman, 1991a, 1991b, 1993, 1995, 1996, 1997a, 1997b, 1998a, PREFACE ix 1998b, 1998c, 1999, 2000). Each of the volumes contributes importantas- pects of this enterprise, and each reflects new theory, research, and knowledge in both human and artificial intelligence across the domains of problem solving, reasoning, analogical thinking, learning, memory, linguistic processes, and scientific creativity. Thevolumesaremutuallysupportive,andallaredirectedtothesame audience: to scholars and professionals in psychology, artificial intelli- gence, and cognitive science, and to graduate and advancedundergrad- uate students in these and related disciplines.

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