The historical dictionaries present essential information on a broad range of subjects, includingAmericanandworldhistory,art,business,cities,countries,cultures,customs, film, global conflicts, international relations, literature, music, philosophy, religion, sports,andtheater.Writtenbyexperts,allcontainhighlyinformativeintroductoryessays of the topic and detailed chronologies that, in some cases, cover vast historical time periodsbutstillmanagetoheavilyfeaturemorerecentevents. BriefA–Zentriesdescribethemainpeople,events,politics,socialissues,institutions, and policies that make the topic unique, and entries are cross-referenced for ease of browsing.Extensivebibliographiesaredividedintoseveralgeneralsubjectareas,provid- ingexcellentaccesspointsforstudents,researchers,andanyonewantingtoknowmore. Additionally, maps, photographs, and appendixes of supplemental information aid high schoolandcollegestudentsdoingtermpapersorintroductoryresearchprojects.Inshort, thehistoricaldictionariesaretheperfectstartingpointforanyonelookingtoresearchin thesefields. HISTORICALDICTIONARIESOF RELIGIONS,PHILOSOPHIES,ANDMOVEMENTSSE- RIES JonWoronoff,SeriesEditor GuamandMicronesia,byWilliamWuerchandDirkBallendorf.1994. Palestine,byNafezY.NazzalandLailaA.Nazzal.1997. Lebanon,byAs’adAbuKhalil.1998. Azerbaijan,byTadeuszSwietochowskiandBrianC.Collins.1999. PapuaNewGuinea,SecondEdition,byAnnTurner.2001. Cambodia,byJustinCorfieldandLauraSummers.2003. SaudiArabia,SecondEdition,byJ.E.Peterson.2003. Nepal,byNandaR.ShresthaandKeshavBhattarai.2003. Kyrgyzstan,byRafisAbazov.2004. Indonesia,SecondEdition,byRobertCribbandAudreyKahin.2004. RepublicofKorea,SecondEdition,byAndrewC.NahmandJamesE.Hoare.2004. Turkmenistan,byRafisAbazov.2005. NewZealand,SecondEdition,byKeithJacksonandAlanMcRobie.2005. Vietnam,ThirdEdition,byBruceLockhartandWilliamJ.Duiker.2006. India,SecondEdition,bySurjitMansingh.2006. Burma(Myanmar),byDonaldM.Seekins.2006. HongKongSARandtheMacaoSAR,byMingK.ChanandShiu-hingLo.2006. Pakistan,ThirdEdition,byShahidJavedBurki.2006. Iran,SecondEdition,byJohnH.Lorentz.2007. People’sRepublicofChina,SecondEdition,byLawrenceR.Sullivan.2007. Australia,ThirdEdition,byJamesC.Docherty.2007. GulfArabStates,SecondEdition,byMalcolmC.Peck.2008. Laos,ThirdEdition,byMartinStuart-Fox.2008. Israel,SecondEdition,byBernardReichandDavidH.Goldberg.2008. BruneiDarussalam,SecondEdition,byJatswanS.Sidhu.2010. Malaysia,byOoiKeatGin.2009. Yemen,SecondEdition,byRobertD.Burrowes.2010. Tajikistan,SecondEdition,byKamoludinAbdullaevandShahramAkbarzadeh.2010. Mongolia,ThirdEdition,byAlanJ.K.Sanders.2010. Bangladesh,FourthEdition,bySyedurRahman.2010. Polynesia,ThirdEdition,byRobertD.Craig.2011. Singapore,NewEdition,byJustinCorfield.2011. EastTimor,byGeoffreyC.Gunn.2011. PostwarJapan,byWilliamD.Hoover.2011. Afghanistan,FourthEdition,byLudwigW.Adamec.2012. Philippines,ThirdEdition,byArtemioR.Guillermo.2012. Tibet,byJohnPowersandDavidTempleman.2012. Kazakhstan,byDidarKassymova,ZhanatKundakbayeva,andUstinaMarkus.2012. DemocraticPeople’sRepublicofKorea,byJamesE.Hoare.2012. Thailand, Third Edition, by Gerald W. Fry, Gayla S. Nieminen, and Harold E. Smith. 2013. Iraq,SecondEdition,byBethK.DoughertyandEdmundA.Ghareeb.2013. Syria,ThirdEdition,byDavidComminsandDavidW.Lesch.2014. Taiwan(RepublicofChina),FourthEdition,byJohnF.Copper.2014. Australia,FourthEdition,byNormanAbjorensenandJamesC.Docherty.2015. ScienceandTechnologyinModernChina,byLawrenceR.SullivanandNancyY.Liu. 2015 Historical Dictionary of Descartes and Cartesian Philosophy Second Edition Roger Ariew, Dennis Des Chene, Douglas M. Jesseph, Tad M. Schmaltz, and Theo Verbeek ROWMAN&LITTLEFIELD Lanham•Boulder•NewYork•Toronto•Plymouth,UK PublishedbyRowman&Littlefield 4501ForbesBoulevard,Suite200,Lanham,Maryland20706 http://www.rowman.com UnitA,WhitacreMews,26-34StannaryStreet,LondonSE114AB Copyright©2015byRogerAriew,DennisDesChene,DouglasM.Jesseph,TadM. Schmaltz,andTheoVerbeek Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereproducedinanyformorbyany electronicormechanicalmeans,includinginformationstorageandretrievalsystems, withoutwrittenpermissionfromthepublisher,exceptbyareviewerwhomayquote passagesinareview. BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationInformationAvailable LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Ariew,Roger,author. HistoricaldictionaryofDescartesandCartesianphilosophy/RogerAriew,DennisDesChene, DouglasM.Jesseph,TadM.Schmaltz,andTheoVerbeek.--SecondEdition. pagescm--(Historicaldictionariesofreligions,philosophies,andmovements) Includesbibliographicalreferences. ISBN978-1-4422-4768-0(cloth:alk.paper)--ISBN978-1-4422-4769-7(ebook) 1.Descartes,René,1596-1650--Dictionaries.I.DesChene,Dennis,author.II.Jesseph,Douglas Michael,author.III.Schmaltz,TadM.,1960-author.IV.Verbeek,Theo,1945-author.V.Title. B1831.H572015 194--dc23 2014043786 ThepaperusedinthispublicationmeetstheminimumrequirementsofAmerican NationalStandardforInformationSciencesPermanenceofPaperforPrintedLibrary Materials,ANSI/NISOZ39.48-1992. PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica AportraitofDescartesbyFransvanSchooten