Highway Traffic Analysis and Design PDF
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HIGHWAY TRAFFIC ANALYSIS AND DESIGN Bythe sameauthor HlGHWAYDESIGNANDCONSTRUCTION HIGHWAY TRAFFIC ANALYSIS AND DESIGN R. J. Salter SeniorLecturerinCivilEngineering University ofBradford REVISED EDITION M MACMILLAN © R.J. Salter 1974, 1976 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act 1956(as amended). Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civilclaims for damages. First edition 1974 Revised edition 1976 Reprinted 1978, 1980(with amendments) First paperback edition (with further amendments) 1983 Reprinted 1985 Published by Higher and Further Education Division MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTO Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG212XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world ISBN 978-0-333-36028-6 ISBN 978-1-349-06952-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-06952-1 Contents Preface vii PART 1 TRAFFIC ANALYSIS AND PREDICTION 1. Introduction to the transportation planningprocess 3 2. The transportation study area 8 3. The collection ofexisting traveldata 14 4. The external cordon and screenlinesurveys 18 5. Other surveys 22 6. Trip generation 25 7. Trip distribution 35 8. Modalsplit 53 9. Traffic assignment 64 10. Theevaluation oftransportation proposals 71 PART 2 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN FOR HIGHWAY TRAFFIC 11. The capacity ofhighwaysbetween intersections 95 12. Headwaydistributionsinhighwaytraffic flow 107 13. The relationship between speed,flowand density of ahighway traffic stream 125 14. The distribution ofvehicularspeedsinahighway traffic stream 135 15. Themacroscopic determinationofspeedand flowof ahighwaytraffic stream 145 16. Intersectionswith prioritycontrol 150 17. Driverreactions at priorityintersections 156 18. Delaysat priorityintersections 163 19. Asimulation approach to delayat priority intersections 171 20. Weavingaction at intersections 182 21. Britishand U.S.practice for determining the capacity ofhigherspeed weavingsections 189 22. Queueingprocessesintraffic flow 201 23. Newformsofsinglelevelintersections 211 24. Grade-separatedjunctions 219 25. The environmental effects ofhighwaytraffic noise 229 26. Theenvironmental effects ofhighwaytraffic pollution 245 27. Trafficcongestion and restraint 250 vi CONTENTS PART3 TRAFFIC SIGNAL CONTROL 28. Introduction to traffic signals 269 29. Warrantsfor the use of trafficsignals 271 30. Phasing 275 31. Signalaspectsand the intergreen period 278 32. Vehicle-actuated signalfacilities 280 33. Theeffect of roadway andenvironmental factors on the capacity ofa traffic-signalapproach 282 34. Theeffect of traffic factors on the capacity of atraffic-Signalapproach 287 35. Determination of theeffectivegreentime 291 36. Optimum cycle timesfor anintersection 294 37. The timingdiagram 299 38. Earlycut-offand late-start facilities 302 39. Theeffect of right-turningvehiclescombined with straight-ahead and ~ft~rn~gwhicl~ 3M 40. Theultimate capacity of the wholeintersection 311 41. The optimisation of signal-approachdimensions 314 42. Optimum signalsettings whensaturation flowfallsduring the green period 319 43. Delayat signal-controlledintersections 324 44. Determination of the optimum cycle fromaconsideration ofdelayson the approach 329 45. Average queuelengthsat the commencementof the greenperiod 336 46. The co-ordination of traffic signals 342 47. Timeand distance diagramsforlinked traffic signals 344 48. Platoon dispersionand the linkingof traffic signals 349 49. The prediction of the dispersion of traffic platoons downstream ofsignals 352 50. The delayoffset relationship and the linkingofsignals 354 51. Someareatraffic control systems 363 Appendix 371 Index 373 Preface Morethan adecadehaspassedsincetransportand traffic engineeringfirst became recognisedasanacademicsubjectincentresofhighereducationin the UnitedKingdom. In thisperiod the interdependencebetween land useand transport needshasbeen firmlyestablished and the modellingof the transport system hasseenconsiderable advances. Duringthissametime ithasbeen realised that highway transport demand inurban areaswillhaveto be balanced against the overallsocial,economic andenvironmental costsofmovement. Thisbook includes the fundamental principles oflanduse,transportplanning techniques and the subsequenteconomic evaluation ofhighway schemes.It reviews theanalytical andpractical aspects ofhighway trafficflowwithsections discussing noisegenerationand pollution and the principles ofcongestion restraint and road pricing. Highwayintersectionsareconsidered indetail. There isacomprehensivetreatment oftrafficsignalcontrol,which rangesfrom isolated signal-controlled intersectionsto area-widesignalcontrol. So that many engineersand planners engagedintransport work,but without the benefits of formal tuition,willfind this book useful, eachsection contains questions by whichthe reader may test hiscomprehension ofthe subject matterby reference to the model answers. The author would like to expresshis thanks to thosepostgraduate studentsof transportation at the University of Bradford who madevaluable comments on the script and examples;alsoto Professor C.B.Wilby,Chairman of the Schools ofCivil and StructuralEngineering,forhisencouragementfor transportation teaching and research. The author would like toexpresshisappreciation to thefollowingbodiesfor permissionto reproduce their copyright material:Bedfordshire CountyCouncil, the Departmentofthe Environment,the BuildingResearchStation, the Eno Foundation, Freeman Fox and Associates,the Greater LondonCouncil,HerMajesty's Stationery Office,the Institution of CivilEngineers,the Institution ofHighwayEngineers, National ResearchCouncil, Royal Borough of NewWindsor,Traffic Engineeringand Control, theTransport and Road Research Laboratory,andWilburSmith andAssociates. RJ.S. PART 1 TRAFFIC ANALYSIS AND PREDICTION 1 Introduction to the transportation planning process Largeurban areashaveinthe past frequently suffered from transportationcongestion. Ithasbeen recorded that inthe firstcenturyvehicular traffic,except forchariots and officialvehicles,wasprohibited from entering Rome during the hours ofdaylight. Whilecongestion hasexisted inurban areasthe predominantlypedestrianmode of transport prevented the problemfrom becoming too seriousuntil the newforms of individual transport ofthe twentiethcentury beganto demand greater highway capacity. Changesintransport mode frequently produce changesinland-usepatterns;for example, the introductionof frequent and rapid railservicesinthe outersuburbs of London resulted inconsiderable residential development inthe areasadjacent to local stations.Morerecently the availability of private transporthasled to the growth of housingdevelopmentwhich cannoteconomically beservedby public transport. In areasofolder development howeverthe time scalefor urban renewalissomuch slowerthan that whichhasbeen recently experienced forchangesinthe transport mode that the greatest difficultyisbeingexperiencedinaccommodatingthe private motorcar. Beforethe early 1950sit wasgenerallybelievedthat the solutionto the transportation problem layindetermininghighwaytraffic volumesand then applying agrowth factor to ascertain the future traffic demands. Manyof the early transportationstudies carried out inthe United States duringthis period sawthe problem asbeingbasicallyone ofprovidingsufficient highwaycapacity and wereconcernedalmost exclusivelywith highway transport. Duringthe early 1950showeverit wasrealisedthat there wasafundamental connectionbetweentraffic needsand land-useactivity. Itled to the study ofthe transportationrequirementsofdifferingland usesasthe causeof the problem rather than the study of the existing traffic flows.Thelate 1950sand early 1960ssawthe commencementofmany land use/transportationsurveysinthe United Kingdomand the eraof transportationplanning methodology could havebeen saidto havecom menced. Becausethe planningoftransportation facilitiesisonly one aspect ofthe overall planningprocesswhichaffects the quality oflifeinadeveloped society, the provision oftransport facilitiesisdependenton the overalleconomic resourcesavailable.Itis 3
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