Highway engineering handbook: building and rehabilitating the infrastructure

889 Pages·2009·8.29 MB·English

by  Roger Brockenbrough

iii
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING HANDBOOK
Building and Rehabilitating the Infrastructure
Roger L. Brockenbrough, P.E. Editor
President
R. L. Brockenbrough & Associates, Inc.
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Third Edition
New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New
Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Highway engineering handbook : building and rehabilitating the infrastructure /
Roger L. Brockenbrough, editor.—3rd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-07-159763-0 (alk. paper)
1. Highway engineering—United States—Handbooks, manuals, etc.
I. Brockenbrough, R. L.
TE23.H484 2009
625.7—dc22 2009002381
Copyright © 2009, 2003, 1996 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
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ABOUT THE EDITOR
Roger L. Brockenbrough, P.E., is an engineering consultant involved in the development of technical
information to facilitate improved designs. He is also the editor of McGraw-Hill’s Structural Steel Designer’s
Handbook. Mr. Brockenbrough is a member of the AISC Specifications Committee, Chair of the AISI
Committee on Specifications for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members, a past member of the
Transportation Research Board Committee on Subsurface Soil-Structure Interaction, a member of the ASTM
Committee on Corrugated Steel Pipe Specifications, and a Fellow and Life Member of ASCE. He was
recently honored as a member of the Virginia Tech Civil and Environmental Engineering Academy of
Distinguished Alumni.
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CONTENTS
Contributors xi
Preface to the Third Edition xiii
Preface to the Second Edition xv
Preface to the First Edition xvii
Factors for Conversion to SI Units of Measurement xix
Chapter Environmental Issues 1
1.James R. Brown and Samuel Less, AICP
1.1 Environmental Issues Affecting Highway Projects 2
1.2 Federal Requirements Governing Transportation Planning and the 3
Environment
1.3 National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA) 5
1.4 Federal Requirements Governing Resource-Specific Environmental 23
Aspects
1.5 Lead-Based Paint Removal 39
1.6 Resource Recovery and Use of Waste Material 52
Chapter Highway Location, Design, and Traffic 67
2.Larry J. Shannon, P.E.
2.1 Transportation Development Process 67
2.2 Geometric Design 76
2.3 Cross-Section Design 117
2.4 Intersection Design 147
2.5 Interchange Ramp Design 164
2.6 Collector-Distributor Roads 173
2.7 Multilane Ramp and Roadway Terminals and Transitions 175
2.8 Service Roads 181
2.9 Access to Public Roads 183
2.10 Driveway Design 183
2.11 The Cost of Congestion 195
2.12 Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems 197
2.13 High-Occupancy Vehicle Lanes 199
2.14 Highway Construction Plans 209
2.15 References 221
Chapter Pavement Design and Rehabilitation 223
3.Aric A. Morse, P.E., and Roger L. Green, P.E.
3.1 Rigid Pavement 224
3.2 Flexible Pavement 232
3.3 Composite Pavement (Overlays) 233
3.4 Development of AASHTO Pavement Design Equations 233
3.5 Parameters for AASHTO Pavement Design 235
3.6 Rigid Pavement Design Procedure 257
3.7 Flexible Pavement Design Procedure 266
3.8 Pavement Management 270
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3.9 Methods of Pavement Rehabilitation 296
3.10 Pavement Preventive Maintenance 301
3.11 Life Cycle Cost Analysis of Pavements 306
3.12 Reference Material 309
Chapter 4. Bridge Engineering 311
Walter J. Jestings, P.E., and Mahir Sen, P.E.
4.1 Client-Consultant Relationship 311
4.2 Aesthetic Considerations 313
4.3 Bridge Design Specifications 313
4.4 Bridge Geometrics 314
4.5 Basic Bridge Materials 316
4.6 Bridge Deck Materials and Systems 321
4.7 Concrete Bridge Deck Design 323
4.8 Concrete Bridge Deck Construction 324
4.9 Concrete Bridge Deck Protection 325
4.10 Deck Surfaces and Deck Overlays 327
4.11 Selection of Materials for Main Superstructure Members 327
4.12 Corrosion Protection of New Steel Bridges 328
4.13 Weathering Steel 329
4.14 Deflection and Expansion Joints 330
4.15 Continuity and Jointless Bridges 335
4.16 Characteristics and Selection of Bridge Types 336
4.17 Determination of Span Lengths 344
4.18 Bridge Widening and Rehabilitation 344
4.19 Repainting of Existing Bridges 346
4.20 Deck Drainage 347
4.21 Bridge Bearings 348
4.22 Provision for Inspection of New Bridges 354
4.23 Scour 354
4.24 Seismic Design 356
Chapter 5. Culverts, Drainage, and Replacements for Bridges 359
Kevin E. White, P.E.
5.1 Hydrology 359
5.2 Design of Open Channels 371
5.3 Fundamentals of Open-Channel Flow 373
5.4 Design of Roadway Drainage 379
5.5 Hydraulic Design of Culverts 388
5.6 Culvert Types and Materials 403
5.7 Culvert Service Life 413
5.8 Structural Design of Drainage Pipes 418
5.9 Replacements for Bridges 459
5.10 Construction Methods 461
5.11 Inspection 464
5.12 Rehabilitation 470
Chapter 6. Safety Systems 473
Roger L. Brockenbrough, P.E.
6.1 Concepts and Benefits of Roadside Safety 473
6.2 Application of Clear Zone Concept to Slope and Drainage Design 475
6.3 Sign and Luminaire Supports and Similar Features 483
6.4 Warrants for Roadside Barriers 488
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6.5 Characteristics of Roadside Barriers 491
6.6 Selection of Roadside Barriers 499
6.7 Placement of Roadside Barriers 502
6.8 Upgrading Roadside Barrier Systems 506
6.9 Median Barriers 506
6.10 Placement of Barriers on Sloped Medians 515
6.11 Bridge Railings and Transitions 517
6.12 Barrier End Treatments and Crash Cushions 522
Chapter Signing and Roadway Lighting
7.
Part 1. Signing 533
Brian L. Bowman, Ph.D., P.E.
7.1 Traffic Signing Needs 533
7.2 Crashworthy Concerns of Roadside Features 539
7.3 Design of Single-Mount Sign Supports 546
7.4 Slip Base Designs 562
7.5 Design of Multiple-Mount Sign Supports 566
7.6 Maintenance and Construction of Sign Supports 574
7.7 Fastening Sign Blanks on Single–Sign-Support Systems 588
7.8 Multiple–Sign-Mount Installation 594
7.9 Fastening Sign Blanks on Multiple–Sign-Support Systems 598
7.10 Guidelines for Multiple–Sign-Support Construction 602
7.11 Sign Vandalism Problems and Countermeasures 604
7.12 Maintenance of Traffic Signs 608
7.13 References on Signing 612
Part 2. Roadway Lighting 615
C. Paul Watson, P.E., Nelson Russell, P.E.,and Brian L. Bowman,
Ph.D., P.E.
7.14 Benefits and Fundamentals of Lighting 615
7.15 Facility and Area Classifications 618
7.16 Freeway Lighting Considerations 620
7.17 Streets and Highways Other Than Freeways 623
7.18 Tunnel Lighting 624
7.19 Roadway Rest Areas 626
7.20 Analytical Approach to Lighting Warrants 628
7.21 Types of Luminaires 628
7.22 High Mast Lighting 635
7.23 Roadside Safety 636
7.24 Pole Types 639
7.25 Electrical Hazard 640
7.26 Foundations 642
7.27 Bases 646
7.28 Construction Considerations 649
7.29 Acceptance Tests 651
7.30 Maintenance Considerations 652
7.31 Impact Performance Criteria 653
7.32 Structural Design 655
7.33 References on Lighting 655
Chapter Retaining Walls 657
8.A. J. Siccardi, P.E., andS. C. (Trever) Wang, Ph.D., P.E.
8.1 Earth Retaining Wall Classification 658
8.2 Earth Pressure Considerations and Determination 670