Highly Linear Integrated Wideband Amplifiers: Design and Analysis Techniques for Frequencies from Audio to RF

170 Pages·1999·11.57 MB·English

by  Henrik Sjöland (auth.)

HIGHLY LINEAR INTEGRATED
WIDEBAND AMPLIFIERS
Design and Analysis Techniques for
Frequencies from Audio to RF
THE KLUWER INTERNATIONAL SERIES
IN ENGINEERING AND COMPUTER SCIENCE
ANALOG CIRCUITS AND SIGNAL PROCESSING
Consulting Editor: Mohammed Ismail. Ohio State University
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HIGHLY LINEAR INTEGRATED
WIDEBAND AMPLIFIERS
Design and Analysis Techniques for
Frequencies from Audio to RF
by
Henrik SjOland
Lund University, Sweden
"~.
SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Sjliland, Henrik, 1972-
Highly linear integrated wideband amplifiers : design and analysis
techniques for frequencies from audio to RF / by Henrik Sjoland.
p. cm. --(The Kluwer international series in engineering and
computer science ; SECS 490)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4613-6816-8 ISBN 978-1-4615-4056-4 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-4056-4
1. Broadband amplifiers--Design and construction. 2. Linear
integrated circuits. 3. Power amplifiers. 1. Title. II. Series.
TK7871.58.B74S36 1999 98-48437
621.3815'35--dc21 CIP
Copyright © 1999 Springer Science+Business Media New York
Origina11y published by Kluwer Academic Publishers, New York in 1999
Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover Ist edition 1999
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical, photo
copying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the
publisher, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.
Printed on acid-free paper.
Contents
List ofFigures ix
Preface xiii
Acknowledgements xv
1 Introduction 1
1.1 WidebandIFAmplifiers 3
1.2 RFPowerAmplifiers 5
1.3 Audio PowerAmplifiers 6
1.4 References 8
2 Integrated Transistors and Amplifiers 9
2.1 IntegratedAnalogElectronics inShort... 9
2.2 AmplifiersinGeneral.. ll
2.3 Transistors 14
2.3.1 MOS Transistors 14
2.3.1.1 SmallSignalModel 16
2.3.1.2 DynamicEffects andNoise 17
2.3.1.3 ShortChannel Effects 19
2.3.2 BipolarTransistors 21
2.4 References 24
3 Amplifier Linearization Techniques 25
3.1 NegativeFeedback 26
3.2 Feed-Forward 27
3.3 Predistortion 29
3.4 Cancellation 31
3.5 References 33
Contents
4 Advanced Feedback Techniques 35
4.1 TheAsymptotic-GainModel 35
4.2 Stability 36
4.3 Phase-CompensationTechniques 39
4.4 FeedbackBoosting .41
4.4.1 TheTopology .42
4.4.2 Analysis 44
4.4.3 DetailedStabilityAnalysis .46
4.4.4 ExperimentandSimulations .47
4.4.5 OtherTopologies .48
4.4.6 DistortionCancellation atSignalFrequencies .49
4.5 References 50
5 Output Stages 51
5.1 ClassesofOperation 52
5.2 Low VoltageOutputStages 56
5.2.1 CMOS OutputStages 57
5.2.2 BipolarOutputStages 60
5.3 References 62
6 Analysis and Measurement ofDistortion 65
6.1 ComputerSimulationofDistortion 65
6.2 DistortionMeasurement.. 66
6.3 IntermodulationDistortionrelated toTHD 67
6.3.1 ModelsoftheNonlinearAmplifier 67
6.3.2 InputSignals 69
6.3.3 StaticDistortion 72
6.3.3.1 StaticClipping 72
6.3.3.2 StaticDistortionBeforeClipping 73
6.3.4 DynamicDistortion 76
6.3.4.1 Slew-RateClipping 77
6.3.4.2 DynamicDistortionBeforeClipping 80
6.3.5 TheMethod 81
6.3.6 Example 81
6.3.7 NumericalExperiments 82
6.3.7.1 StaticNonlinearityOnly 82
6.3.7.2 BothDynamic andStaticNonlinearity 83
6.4 References 85
Contents
7 Audio PowerAmplifiers 87
7.1 RequirementsofAudio PowerAmplifiers 87
7.1.1 GeneralRequirements 87
7.1.2 SpecialRequirementsofIntegratedBattery-Pow 88
7.2 ClassofOperation 89
7.2.1 Class AB 89
7.2.2 ClassS 89
7.3 CMOS vs. Bipolar 90
7.4 TwoCMOSClass AB Designs 91
7.4.1 OutputStages 91
7.4.1.1 OutputStagewith BlomleyTopology 92
7.4.1.2 ALow VoltageOutputStage 94
7.4.2 Phase-Compensation 97
7.4.2.1 Phase-CompensationoftheBlomley 97
7.4.2.2 Phase-CompensationoftheLow Voltage 99
7.4.3 InputStages l0l
7.4.3.1 BlomleyAmplifierInputStage 101
7.4.3.2 LowVoltageInputStage 102
7.4.4 Simulation andMeasurementResults 103
7.4.4.1 TheBlomleyAmplifierResults 103
7.4.4.2 TheLow VoltageAmplifierResults 106
7.4.5 LayoutandChipPhotos 109
7.5 References 111
8 Wideband IFAmplifiers 113
8.1 PerformanceRequirements 113
8.2 TheTopology 114
8.3 OutputStages 115
8.3.1 CMOS OutputStages 116
8.3.2 BipolarOutputStage 117
8.4 Input Stages 118
8.4.1 CMOS InputStage 118
8.4.2 BipolarInputStage 119
8.5 MiddleStage 120
8.6 Common-ModeFeedback 121
8.7 Simulations andMeasurements 122
8.7.1 Schematics 123
8.7.2 Results 125
8.8 ChipPhotos 126
8.9 References 128
Contents
9 Inductorless RF CMOS PowerAmplifiers 129
9.1 RequirementsonRFPowerAmplifiers 129
9.2 CMOS RFPowerAmplifiers using Inductors 130
9.3 AnInductorless CMOS RFPowerAmplifier 132
9.3.1 AmplifierTopology 132
9.3.2 OutputStage 133
9.3.3 DriverStage 135
9.3.4 InputStage 137
9.3.5 Simulations andMeasurementResults 137
9.3.6 Conclusions 141
9.3.7 LayoutandChipPhoto 142
9.4 References 143
10 LayoutAspects 145
10.1 PassiveDevices 146
10.1.1 Resistors 146
10.1.2Capacitors 148
10.1.3Inductors 150
10.2 ActiveDevices 152
10.2.1MOSTransistors 152
10.2.1.1TheLayers andTheirPhysical Corresp 152
10.2.1.2LayoutforLowNoise 154
10.2.1.3LayoutforHigh Speed 154
10.2.1.4LayoutTechniques forWideTransistors..155
10.2.1.5High CurrentLayout... 157
10.2.2BipolarTransistors 157
10.2.3MatchingofTransistors 158
10.3 References 159
Index 161
List of Figures
1.1 The receiversideofaconventionalbase station 3
1.2 Base station with widebandIFamplifier 3
1.3 Exampleofchannelswithdifferentpower .4
1.4 Spectralwideningdisturbing adjacentchannels 5
2.1 Theoutputspectrum when the inputis (a) asinusoid 13
2.2 Theinterceptdiagram showing 3rdorderintercept andcompress 13
2.3 EnhancementMOS transistorsymbols(a) N(b) P 15
2.4 Simple small signal schematicofan MOS transistor 17
2.5 Velocity saturation 19
2.6 Effectofvelocity saturationon/r 20
2.7 Symbolsforbipolartransistors (a) npn (b) pnp 21
2.8 Asimplesmall-signalequivalentcircuitofabipolartransistor 23
3.1 Theelementaryfeedback model 26
3.2 Basicfeed-forward configuration 27
3.3 Feed-forwardconfiguration withcompensation fortime-delays 28
3.4 (a)Theprincipleofpredistortion (b) AnMOS currentmirror 29
3.5 Predistortionbasedonmodel amplifier 30
3.6 (a)Theprincipleofcancellation (b) ACMOS inverter 31
4.1 (a)ExampleofNyquistdiagram. (b)Enlarged view around 37
4.2 ExampleofBodediagram. (a) Asymptotic (b)Withgain and 38
4.3 Illustration ofdifferentphase-compensation methods .40
4.4 Athreestageamplifiertopology withdoublenested Miller .41
4.5 Thebasicinvertingtopology .42
4.6 Thecompleteinvertingtopology 43
4.7 Theboostin thefeedback (extraloopgain) .45
4.8 MeasuredTHD with and withoutfeedback boosting .47
4.9 SimulatedTHD with and withoutfeedback boosting .48
4.10 (a) Anon-inverting topology(b) Afloating negativeresistance .49
5.1 Thetailcurrentsofthe outputstage 52
5.2 Thetailcurrents vs.loutfor differentclasses ofoperation 53
5.3 Maximumefficiency forclassB and push-pullclass Avs. amplit 55
5.4 Theconnectionoftheoutputdevicesin alow voltageoutputstage ..58
5.5 Exampleofultimatelow voltagepush-pulloutputstagewith 59
5.6 Exampleoflow voltage topology withcomplementary amplifiers 59
5.7 Connectionoftheoutputdevicesin alow voltagebipolaramplifier .60
5.8 Exampleoflow voltage bipolaroutputstage 60
ListofFigures
5.9 Connectionofoutputdevicesin an npn-only bipolarprocess 61
5.10 Exampleofnpn-only push-pull stage 61
6.1 Staticcharacteristic 68
6.2 The probability density function ofasinusoidwith amplitudeA 70
6.3 Theprobability density function oftheGaussian widebandsignal 71
6.4 The spectral densityofthewideband signal 71
6.5 THDIIM vs.A/C7and n 75
6.6 THDIIM vs.A andnwhenA/C7=2.5 76
6.7 Slew-rateclipping scenario 78
6.8 Amplifiermodelforthenumericalexperiment 83
7.1 Asimplifiedschematicofaclass Soutputstage 89
7.2 TheBlomley topology 92
7.3 Schematicofthe Blomleyoutputstage 93
7.4 Thebasictopology ofthelow voltageoutput stage 95
7.5 Differentmethods toestablish VB2and VB3 96
7.6 Simplifiedfrequency responses of(a) theoutputstage 97
7.7 Thelocalfeedback networkoftheoutputstage 98
7.8 Thedemandedgain andtheopen-loopgainofthe outputstage 99
7.9 Theoutputstagewith reversednestedMillercompensation 99
7.10 VoltagegainA andfeedback factorf3oftheoutputstage 100
7.11 Theinputstageofthe Blomley amplifier 101
7.12 Thefrequency responseofthe inputstage 102
7.13 The low voltageinputstage 102
7.14 Total schematicofthepoweramplifierwith Blomley topology 104
7.15 Total schematicofthe low voltage audio poweramplifier 106
7.16 THD at 1kHz80vsoutputamplitudeandsupply voltage 107
7.17 THD vs. frequency at IVppin 80and 1.5Vsupply 108
7.18 Micrographofthe 80amplifierwith Blomley topology 110
7.19 Micrographofthe 1.5Vaudiopoweramplifier 110
8.1 Topologyofthe widebandIFamplifiers 115
8.2 TheCMOS outputstage 116
8.3 TheCMOS outputstageincluding biascircuit 117
8.4 Thebipolaroutputstage 117
8.5 TheCMOS inputstage 118
8.6 Twodifferentbipolarinputstages 119
8.7 CMOS and bipolarmiddlestage 120
8.8 CMOS common-modefeedbackcircuit 121
8.9 Bipolarcommon-modefeedbackcircuit 122
8.10 TheentireCMOS schematic withdeviceparameters 123
8.11 Theentirebipolarschematicwithparameters 124
8.12 MicrophotographoftheCMOS widebandIFamplifier 127
8.13 MicrophotographofthebipolarwidebandIFamplifier 127