High voltage direct current transmission : converters, systems and DC grids

438 Pages·2015·44.53 MB·English

by  Ahmed

HIGH-VOLTAGE
DIRECT-CURRENT
TRANSMISSION

HIGH-VOLTAGE
DIRECT-CURRENT
TRANSMISSION
CONVERTERS, SYSTEMS
AND DC GRIDS
Dragan Jovcic and Khaled Ahmed
School of Engineering, University of Aberdeen, UK
Thiseditionfirstpublished2015
©2015JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd
RegisteredOffice
JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussex,PO198SQ,UnitedKingdom
Fordetailsofourglobaleditorialoffices,forcustomerservicesandforinformationabouthowtoapplyforpermissionto
reusethecopyrightmaterialinthisbookpleaseseeourwebsiteatwww.wiley.com.
TherightoftheauthortobeidentifiedastheauthorofthisworkhasbeenassertedinaccordancewiththeCopyright,
DesignsandPatentsAct1988.
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyany
means,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise,exceptaspermittedbytheUKCopyright,Designsand
PatentsAct1988,withoutthepriorpermissionofthepublisher.
Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsinprintmaynotbeavailablein
electronicbooks.
Designationsusedbycompaniestodistinguishtheirproductsareoftenclaimedastrademarks.Allbrandnamesandproduct
namesusedinthisbookaretradenames,servicemarks,trademarksorregisteredtrademarksoftheirrespectiveowners.
Thepublisherisnotassociatedwithanyproductorvendormentionedinthisbook.
LimitofLiability/DisclaimerofWarranty:Whilethepublisherandauthorhaveusedtheirbesteffortsinpreparingthisbook,they
makenorepresentationsorwarrantieswithrespecttotheaccuracyorcompletenessofthecontentsofthisbookandspecifically
disclaimanyimpliedwarrantiesofmerchantabilityorfitnessforaparticularpurpose.Itissoldontheunderstandingthatthe
publisherisnotengagedinrenderingprofessionalservicesandneitherthepublishernortheauthorshallbeliablefordamages
arisingherefrom.Ifprofessionaladviceorotherexpertassistanceisrequired,theservicesofacompetentprofessionalshouldbe
sought.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Jovcic,Dragan.
High-voltagedirect-currenttransmission:converters,systemsandDCgrids/DraganJovcic,KhaledAhmed,
SchoolofEngineering,UniversityofAberdeen,Scotland,UK.
pages cm
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-1-118-84666-7(cloth)
1. Electricpowerdistribution–Directcurrent. 2. Electricpowerdistribution–Hightension. 3. Electriccurrentconverters.
I. Ahmed,Khaled. II. Title.
TK3111.J682015
621.31912–dc23
2015011296
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
Setin9.5/11.5ptTimesbySPiGlobal,Pondicherry,India
1 2015
Contents
Preface xi
PartI HVDCwithCurrentSourceConverters 1
1 IntroductiontoLine-CommutatedHVDC 3
1.1 HVDCApplications 3
1.2 Line-CommutatedHVDCComponents 5
1.3 DCCablesandOverheadLines 6
1.4 LCCHVDCTopologies 7
1.5 LossesinLCCHVDCSystems 9
1.6 ConversionofACLinestoDC 10
1.7 Ultra-High VoltageHVDC 10
2 Thyristors 12
2.1 OperatingCharacteristics 12
2.2 SwitchingCharacteristic 13
2.3 LossesinHVDCThyristors 17
2.4 ValveStructureandThyristorSnubbers 20
2.5 ThyristorRatingSelectionandOverloadCapability 22
3 Six-PulseDiodeandThyristorConverter 23
3.1 Three-PhaseUncontrolledBridge 23
3.2 Three-PhaseThyristorRectifier 25
3.3 AnalysisofCommutationOverlapinaThyristorConverter 26
3.4 ActiveandReactivePowerinaThree-PhaseThyristorConverter 30
3.5 InverterOperation 31
4 HVDCRectifierStationModelling,ControlandSynchronization
withACSystems 35
4.1 HVDCRectifierController 35
4.2 Phase-LockedLoop(PLL) 36
vi Contents
5 HVDCInverterStationModellingandControl 40
5.1 InverterController 40
5.2 CommutationFailure 42
6 HVDCSystemV-IDiagramsandOperatingModes 45
6.1 HVDC-EquivalentCircuit 45
6.2 HVDCV-IOperatingDiagram 45
6.3 HVDCPowerReversal 48
7 HVDCAnalyticalModellingandStability 53
7.1 IntroductiontoConvertersandHVDCModelling 53
7.2 HVDCAnalyticalModel 54
7.3 CIGREHVDCBenchmarkModel 56
7.4 ConverterModelling,LinearizationandGainScheduling 56
7.5 ACSystemModellingforHVDCStabilityStudies 58
7.6 LCCConverterTransformerModel 62
7.7 DCSystemModel 63
7.8 HVDC-HVACSystemModel 65
7.9 AnalyticalDynamicModelVerification 65
7.10 BasicHVDCDynamicAnalysis 66
7.11 HVDCSecondHarmonicInstability 70
7.12 Oscillationsof100HzontheDCSide 71
8 HVDCPhasorModellingandInteractionswithACSystem 72
8.1 ConverterandDCSystemPhasorModel 72
8.2 PhasorACSystemModelandInteractionwiththeDCSystem 73
8.3 InverterACVoltageandPowerProfileasDCCurrentisIncreasing 75
8.4 InfluenceofConverterExtinctionAngle 76
8.5 InfluenceofShuntReactivePowerCompensation 78
8.6 InfluenceofLoadattheConverterTerminals 78
8.7 InfluenceofOperatingMode(DCVoltageControlMode) 78
8.8 RectifierOperatingMode 80
9 HVDCOperationwithWeakACSystems 82
9.1 Introduction 82
9.2 Short-CircuitRatioandEquivalentShort-CircuitRatio 82
9.3 PowerTransferbetweenTwoACSystems 85
9.4 PhasorStudyofConverterInteractionswithWeakACSystems 89
9.5 SystemDynamics(SmallSignalStability)withLowSCR 90
9.6 HVDCControlandMainCircuitSolutionsforWeakACGrids 90
9.7 LCCHVDCwithSVC(StaticVARCompensator) 91
9.8 Capacitor-CommutatedConvertersforHVDC 93
9.9 ACSystemwithLowInertia 93
10 FaultManagementandHVDCSystemProtection 98
10.1 Introduction 98
10.2 DCLineFaults 98
10.3 ACSystemFaults 101
Contents vii
10.4 InternalFaults 102
10.5 SystemReconfigurationforPermanentFaults 103
10.6 OvervoltageProtection 106
11 LCCHVDCSystemHarmonics 107
11.1 HarmonicPerformanceCriteria 107
11.2 HarmonicLimits 108
11.3 ThyristorConverterHarmonics 109
11.4 HarmonicFilters 110
11.5 NoncharacteristicHarmonicReductionUsingHVDCControls 118
BibliographyPartI LineCommutatedConverterHVDC 119
PartII HVDCwithVoltageSourceConverters 121
12 VSCHVDCApplicationsandTopologies,Performanceand
CostComparisonwithLCCHVDC 123
12.1 VoltageSourceConverters(VSC) 123
12.2 ComparisonwithLine-CommutatedConverter(LCC)HVDC 125
12.3 OverheadandSubsea/UndergroundVSCHVDCTransmission 126
12.4 DCCableTypeswithVSCHVDC 129
12.5 MonopolarandBipolarVSCHVDCSystems 129
12.6 VSCHVDCConverterTopologies 130
12.7 VSCHVDCStationComponents 135
12.8 ACReactors 139
12.9 DCReactors 139
13 IGBTSwitchesandVSCConverterLosses 141
13.1 IntroductiontoIGBTandIGCT 141
13.2 GeneralVSCConverterSwitchRequirements 142
13.3 IGBTTechnology 142
13.4 HighPowerIGBTDevices 147
13.5 IEGTTechnology 148
13.6 LossesCalculation 148
13.7 BalancingChallengesinSeriesIGBTChains 154
13.8 SnubbersCircuits 155
14 Single-PhaseandThree-PhaseTwo-LevelVSCConverters 156
14.1 Introduction 156
14.2 Single-PhaseVoltageSourceConverter 156
14.3 Three-PhaseVoltageSourceConverter 159
14.4 Square-Wave,Six-PulseOperation 159
15 Two-LevelPWMVSCConverters 167
15.1 Introduction 167
15.2 PWMModulation 167
15.3 SinusoidalPulse-WidthModulation(SPWM) 168
15.4 ThirdHarmonicInjection(THI) 171
viii Contents
15.5 SelectiveHarmonicEliminationModulation(SHE) 172
15.6 ConverterLossesforTwo-LevelSPWMVSC 173
15.7 HarmonicswithPulse-WidthModulation(PWM) 175
15.8 ComparisonofPWMModulationTechniques 178
16 MultilevelVSCConverters 179
16.1 Introduction 179
16.2 ModulationTechniquesforMultilevelConverters 181
16.3 NeutralPointClampedMultilevelConverter 182
16.4 FlyingCapacitorMultilevelConverter 184
16.5 H-BridgeCascadedConverter 185
16.6 HalfBridgeModularMultilevelConverter(MMC) 186
16.7 MMCBasedonFullBridgeTopology 199
16.8 ComparisonofMultilevelTopologies 208
17 Two-LevelPWMVSCHVDCModelling,ControlandDynamics 209
17.1 PWMTwo-LevelConverterAverageModel 209
17.2 Two-LevelPWMConverterModelinDQFrame 210
17.3 VSCConverterTransformerModel 212
17.4 Two-LevelVSCConverterandACGridModelinABCFrame 213
17.5 Two-LevelVSCConverterandACGridModelinDQRotating
CoordinateFrame 213
17.6 VSCConverterControlPrinciples 214
17.7 TheInnerCurrentControllerDesign 215
17.8 OuterControllerDesign 218
17.9 CompleteVSCConverterController 221
17.10 Small-SignalLinearizedVSCHVDCModel 224
17.11 Small-SignalDynamicStudies 224
18 Two-LevelVSCHVDCPhasor-DomainInteractionwithACSystemsand
PQOperatingDiagrams 226
18.1 PowerExchangebetweenTwoACVoltageSources 226
18.2 ConverterPhasorModelandPowerExchangewithanACSystem 230
18.3 PhasorStudyofVSCConverterInteractionwithACSystem 232
18.4 OperatingLimits 234
18.5 DesignPointSelection 235
18.6 InfluenceofACSystemStrength 236
18.7 InfluenceofTransformerReactance 236
18.8 OperationwithVeryWeakACSystems 239
19 HalfBridgeMMCConverter:Modelling,ControlandOperatingPQDiagrams 246
19.1 HalfBridgeMMCConverterAverageModelinABCFrame 246
19.2 Half-BridgeMMCConverter-StaticDQFrameandPhasorModel 249
19.3 DifferentialCurrentatSecondHarmonic 254
19.4 CompleteMMCConverterDQModelinMatrixForm 255
19.5 SecondHarmonicCirculatingCurrentSuppressionController 256
19.6 DQFrameModelofMMCwithCirculatingCurrentController 259
19.7 PhasorModelofMMCwithCirculatingCurrentSuppressionController 261
19.8 DynamicMMCModelUsingEquivalentSeriesCapacitorC 262
MMC
19.9 FullDynamicAnalyticalMMCModel 265
19.10 MMCConverterController 267