High-Tech and Micropropagation III

609 Pages·1992·17.47 MB·English

by  H. Leike

Volumes already published
Volume 1: Trees I (1986)
Volume 2: Crops I (1986)
Volume 3: Potato (1987)
Volume 4: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants I (1988)
Volume 5: Trees II (1989)
Volume 6: Crops II (1988)
Volume 7: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants II (1989)
Volume 8: Plant Protoplasts and Genetic Engineering I (1989)
Volume 9: Plant Protoplasts and Genetic Engineering II (1989)
Volume 10: Legumes and Oilseed Crops I (1990)
Volume 11: Somaclonal Variation in Crop Improvement I (1990)
Volume 12: Haploids in Crop Improvement I (1990)
Volume 13: Wheat (1990)
Volume 14: Rice (1991)
Volume 15: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants III (1991)
Volume 16: Trees III (1991)
Volume 17: High-Tech and Micropropagation I (1991)
Volume 18: High-Tech and Micropropagation II (1992)
Volume 19: High-Tech and Micropropagation III (1992)
Volumes in preparation
Volume 20: High-Tech and Micropropagation IV (1992)
Volume 21: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants IV (1993)
Volume 22: Plant Protoplasts and Genetic Engineering III
Volume 23: Plant Protoplasts and Genetic Engineering IV
Volume 24: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants V
Volume 25: Maize
Biotechnology in
Agriculture and Forestry 19
High-Tech and Micro propagation III
Edited by Y P. S. Bajaj
With 231 Figures
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH
Professor Of. Y P. S. BAJAJ
A-137
New Friends Colony
New Delhi 110065, India
ISBN 978-3-642-08 104-0
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publieation Data. (Revised for volume 3). High-teeh and
micropropagation. (Biotechnology in agrieulture and forestry ; 17) Includes bibliographieal refer
enees and index. 1. Plant propagation -- In vitro. 1. Bajaj. Y.P.S., 1936- . SBI23.6.II54
1991 631.5'3 91-22304
ISBN 978-3-642-08104-0 ISBN 978-3-662-07770-2 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-07770-2
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D Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1992
Originally published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York in 1992
Softcover reprint of the hardeover 1s t ed ition 1992
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does
not imply. even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the
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Production Editor: Ingrid Samide, Heidelbcrg
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Dedicated to my Father
Late S. Harnam Singh Bajaj
Preface
Micropropagation of plants is a multibillion dollar industry being
practiced in hundreds of small and large nurseries and commercial
laboratories throughout the world. At the present, it is the only
component of plant biotechnology which has been commercially
exploited on such a large scale, especially for the production of
ornamentals. Now micropropagation of trees and medicinal plants
is assuming great importance. With recent progress made in the
propagation of fruit and forest trees, and the immediate need for
afforestation and planting of orchards, propagules and plantlets are
required quickly and in large numbers. Although the basic method
ology of in vitro culture of plant tissues has been fairly mechanized
over the last 25 years, conventional micropropagation methods are
relatively slow, time-consuming, expensive, and labor-intensive; up
to 50-80% of the cost of plant production is attributed to labor. In
order to reduce the cost and to increase the efficiency and scale up
of plant production, automation is being incorporated. Robots, mi
crocomputers, and other automated systems of artificial intelligence
have been employed to surface-sterilize tissues, dispense media, and
transfer plants to pots and field. The automatic control of environ
ments in greenhouses to protect cultivation is another area of
tremendous commercial importance.
The use of artificial intelligence, image analysis, video cameras,
bioreactors, mistifiers, automatic production lines, synthetic seed,
storage and cryopreservation of elite genetic stocks, and the comput
erization of information management will facilitate micropropaga
tion and protected cultivation. Judging from the enthusiasm and
interest of biotechnology enterprises, it is envisaged that it will not
be long before we see the routine jobs being done by robots for
industrial micropropagation.
Taking the above-mentioned points into consideration, it ap
peared necessary to review the literature and to present the state of
the art on micropropagation of plants. Thus, 118 chapters contrib
uted by experts from 30 countries are compiled in a series composed
of the following four parts:
High-Tech and Micropropagation I comprises 29 chapters on various
aspects of micropropagation and automation, i.e., setting up a com-
VIII Pr·:face
merciallaboratory, meristem culture, somatic embryogenesis, Eraft
incompatibility, vitrification, acclimatization, nature and origi 1 of
explants, problems with explant exudates, disposable culture ves;els,
induction of rooting, artificial substrates, rockwool, autotro Jhic
micropropagation, storage and cryopreservation of cultures, c uis
cent somatic embryos, synthetic seed, automated systems, artificial
intelligence, use of robots in transplantation, information man :lge
ment, bioreactors, and computerized greenhouses.
High-Tech and Micropropagation II comprises 26 chapters on Amer
ican sweetgum, black locust, birches, cedar, cocoa, larches, Persian
walnut, poplars, Quercus, sandalwood, Sorbus, apple, pear, peach,
plum, cherry, Citrus, raspberry, strawberry, grapevine, kiwi, J lpa
nese persimmon, papaya, pineapple, date palm, and olive tree.
High-Tech and Micropropagation III comprises 34 chapters on veg
etable and tuber crops, medicinal and aromatic plants, fiber and
oilseed crops, and grasses. The specific plants dealt with include:
asparagus, lettuce, horseradish, cucumber, potato, sweet potatc, ar
tichoke, white yam, cardamom, fennel, celery, thyme, leek, mer.tha,
turmeric, lavender, agave, yucca, cotton, jute, sunflower, ryegrass,
zoysiagrass, and various species of Aconitum, Artemisia, Carr.elia,
Centaurium, Digitalis, Dioscorea, Glehnia, Parthenium, and Pir.ella.
High-Tech and Micropropagation IV comprises 29 chapters on crna
mental species of Alstroemeria, Antirrhinum, Begonia, Chrysunth
mum, Cornus, Euphorbia, Gardenia, Gladiolus, Hyacinthus, Impa
tiens, Iris, Lycoris, Nematanthus, Phalaenopsis, Paeonia, Peltrrgo
nium, Rhododendron, Ruscus, Saintpaulia, Senecio, Syringa, ore 1ids,
cacti, roses, and Boston ferns.
These books will be of use to advanced students, research workers,
and teachers in horticulture, forestry, tissue culture, and plant
biotechnology in general, and also to individuals interested in com
mercial micropropagation.
New Delhi, June 1992 Professor Y. P. S. HAJAJ
Series Editor
Contents
Section I Vegetables, Tubers, and Root Crops
1.1 Micropropagation of Hybrid Lines in Vegetable Breeding
H. LEIKE and W BAUCH (With 8 Figures)
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 Micropropagation of Vegetables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.2 Micropropagation of Asparagus (Asparagus officina/is L.)
Y DESJARDINS (With 5 Figures)
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2 Micropropagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3 Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
1.3 Micropropagation of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)
D. A. C. PINK (With 4 Figures)
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2 Review of Tissue Culture Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3 Micropropagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4 Commercial Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
5 Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
I.4 Micropropagation of Horseradish
( Cochlearia armoracia L.)
K. G6RECKA (With 6 Figures)
1 General Account . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
2 Brief Review of Tissue Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
3 Micropropagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
4 Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
5 Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
X Con;ents
1.5 Micropropagation of Cucumis spp.
M. ZIV (With 2 Figures)
1 General Account . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
2 In Vitro Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
3 Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
4 Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
1.6 Micropropagation of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)
J. H. DODDS, D. SILVA-RODRIGUEZ, and P. TOVAR
(With 6 Figures)
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
2 Micropropagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
3 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
1.7 Micropropagation of Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas L.)
R. P. CREE, J. R. ScHULTHEIS, and D. J. CANTLIFFE
(With 1 Figure)
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
2 Need for Micropropagation ........................... 107
3 In Vitro Studies/Micropropagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
4 Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
1.8 Micropropagation of Artichoke (Cynara scolymus)
V. ROSSI and G. DE PAOLI (With 8 Figures)
1 Introduction ........................................ 118
2 Review of Micropropagation .......................... 121
3 Micropropagation ................................... 121
4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
5 Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
1.9 Micropropagation of White Yam
(Dioscorea rotundata Poir.)
S. Y. C. Na (With 11 Figures)
1 Introduction ........................................ 135
2 In Vitro Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
3 Protocol ........................................... 155
4 Summary and Conclusion ............................ 155
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Contents XI
1.10 Micropropagation of Cubio ( Tropaeolum tuberosum R & P)
0. TORRES, M. PEREA-DALLOS, and T. J. FANDINO
(With 7 Figures)
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
2 Distribution and Importance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
3 Conventional Propagation and Breeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
4 Need for In Vitro Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
5 In Vitro Approaches ................................. 165
6 Conclusions and Prospects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
References ............................................ 171
Section II Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
11.1 Micropropagation of Cardamom
(Elettaria cardamomum Maton)
B.R. REGHUNATH and Y.P.S. BAJAJ (With 11 Figures)
1 Introduction ........................................ 175
2 Micropropagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
3 Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
4 Protocol ........................................... 196
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
11.2 Micropropagation of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Miller)
G. HUNAULT and J. Du-MANOIR (With 12 Figures)
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
2 Micropropagation Through Axillary Budding . . . . . . . . . . . 200
3 Micropropagation Through Somatic Embryogenesis . . . . . . 203
4 Summary and Conclusions ............................ 214
5 Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
References ............................................ 216
11.3 Micropropagation of Celery (Apium graveolens var. dulce)
K. F. TOTH and M. L. LACY (With 3 Figures)
1 Introduction and Botany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
2 In Vitro Studies and Micropropagation ................. 221
3 Protocol ........................................... 224
4 Regeneration and Transfer of Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
5 Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
11.4 Micropropagation of Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.)
M. FURMANOWA and 0. 0LSZOWSKA (With 9 Figures)
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
2 Micropropagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235