HIGH RESOLUTION GIS MAPPING AND CURRENT STATUS OF THE TEN VIABLE POPULATIONS OF SHORT'S GOLDENROD (SOLIDAGO SHORTII-ASTERACEAE) IN KENTUCKY

2004·4.9 MB·English

by  Brent D Smith

HIGHRESOLUTIONCISMAPPINGANDCURRENTSTATUSOF
THETENVIABLEPOPULATIONSOFSHORTSGOLDENROD
(SOLIDAGO5H0RTII-ASTERACEAE)INKENTUCKY
BrentD.Smith AndrewT.Denham
'DepartmentofBiologicalSciences DepartmentofBiologicalSciences
EasternKentuckyUniversity EasternKentuckyUniversity
Richmond,Kentucky40475,U.S.A. RichmondKentucky40475,U.S.A.
Currentaddress:2266ArdRidgeRd.
NancyKentucky42544U.S.A.
JamesB.Beck PatrickJ.Calie
DepartmentofBiologicalSciences DepartmentofBiologicalSciences
EasternKentuckyUniversity EasternKentuckyUniversity
Richmond,Kentucky40475,U.S.A. RichmondKentucky40475,U.S.A.
Currentaddress:DepartmentofBiology [email protected]
WashingtonUniversity
St.Louis,Missoun63130-4899U.S.A.
ABSTRACT
Shortsgoldenrod(SolidagoshortiiTorn&A.Gray)isanendemicspecieswithahighlyrestricted
distribution,theKentuckypopulationsoccurringinandaroundthevicinityolBlueI^icksinthe
nwoirtthheseavsetrearlnspiomriltaironmoaipsthebesitnatge.puTbhleisgheenderfarloomc1c9u8r9r-e2n0c0e0o.fDtuheestopecchiaesngweassmlirlsotcamlalpapneddusienp1r9a8c7-,
ticesthestatusofthepopulationshasrapidlychangedrenderingthesemapsobsolete,Acensusof
allpopulationswasconductedandtheprecisetopographiclocationandphysicalboundariesoleach
extantpopulationwasmappedusingfieldreconnaissancetechniquesandCISmappingtechnology
Between1989and2003fouroftheoriginalpopulationswereextirpated,eightdeclinedmnumberof
stemspresent,andoneincreasedinbothnumberofstemsandareacoverage.
RESUMEN
La"FspigadeorodeShort"(Solula^r^oshorliiTorr.SsA.GrayJesunaesj^ecieconpoblacionesaltamente
restrmgidasenyalosalrededoresdeBlueLicks,alnortestedeKentuckyLadistnbuciongeneralde
laspoblacionesdeestaespeciefuecartografiadaporprimeravezen1987yvariosmapashansido
publicadosentrc1989-2000.Debidoacambioslocalesenelusodetierraparacultivo,ladistribucion
originaldelaspoblacionesdelaespeciesehanmodificadoengranmedida,yenconsecuencialos
mapasexistentesestanobsoletos.Uncensodetodaslaspoblaciones,observacionesdecampo,y
tecnicasdelSistemadeInlormacionGeografica(SIG)hanpermitidolaubicaciontopograficaprecisa
yladelimitacionfisicadecadapoblacion.De1989a2003cuatrodelaspoblacionesonginaleshan
desaparecido,ochodismmuyeronennumerodetallosyunapoblacionaumentoennumerodetallos
yenareadecobertura.
^Authorforcorrespondence:DepartmentofBiologicalSciences,235MooreScienceBIdg,521LancasterAve.,
Richmond,Kentucky40475-3124,U.S.A.Ph:859-622-1505;fax;859-622-1399;e-mail:pat,[email protected]
SIDA21(2):1121-1130.2004
1122 BRIT.ORG/SIDA21(2)
INTRODUCTION
Solidagoshortii(Asteraceae)islistedasanEndangeredSpeciesintheFederal
Register(Anonymous1985).CharlesWilkensShortoriginallydiscoveredspeci-
mensofthespeciesgrowingonbouldersattheFallsoftheOhioRiverinJeffer-
sonCounty,Kentucky,in1837.Allremnantsofthosepopulationswereeither
destroyedbyinundationresultingfromtheconstructionoftheMcAlpinelocks
anddamtofacilitatenavigationontheOhioRiverin1925(Bucheleetal.1989)
orwereextirpatedinthelatterhalfofthe19thcentury(Baskinetal,2000).The
specieswas"rediscovered"byF.k.Braunin1939,mthevicinityofBluekicks,
KYCBraunf941)(Fig.1).Thefirstmapshowingthespatialdistributionofthe
Bluekickspopulationswasconstructedin1986(Fvans1987),Severalsubse-
quentreportscontainedmapsofsimilarresolution(e.g.Bucheleetal.f989),with
anewpopulationbeingnotedinBaskinetal.(2000).
Duringthecourseofourfieldinvestigationsfrom1995-2003,weobserved
markedchangesinthespatialsizeandoccurrenceofspecificpopulations,due
inparttolocalland-usepracticesandtolocalsuccessionalchangesinseveral
habitats.Itbecameveryclearthatupdatedmapswereneededtofacilitateman-
agementpracticesinvolvingthisspecies.
Thisstudywasundertakenwithtwoobjectivesinmind:1)todevelophigher
resolutionmapsofeachknownKentuckypopulationofShortsgoldenrodusing
GeographicInformationSystems(CIS)cartographictechnology;and2)toup-
datethestatusofeachpopulationfirstdemarcatedbyEvansinf987.Giventhe
demonstratedutilityofGeographicInformationSystemstechnologymlanduse
management(kongleyetal.1999)andspeciesinventoryapplications(DeMers
1996),thisapplicationwasalogicalcfioicefordevelopingaccuratemaps.
MATERIALSANDMETHODS
FieldWork-PopxilaiionCensus.—Duringthe2000fieldseasontheboundary
ofeachpopulationlirstdocumentedbyEvans(1987)andBucheleetal.(1989)
wasdefinedthroughfieldsurveys.Multipletransectsthrougheachpopulation
wereestablished,dividingthepopulationintoparallel3-meter-widestrips.The
spacebetweensuccessivetransectswasthentraversed,eachindividual5.shorhi
stembeingcounted.Themajorityofpopulationsexhibitalinearratherthana
polygonaldistribution,whichmadethisdirectcountapproachtechnicallyfea-
sible.Thisrepresentsatbestaminimalestimate,asundoubtedlysomestems
withinthepopulationboundariesescapedourdetection,andsomescattered
plantsdoexistoutsidethedemarcatedboundaries.
FieldWork-GPS Coordinates.—GPSEat/Longcoordinates,takeninthe
degrees/minutes/secondsformat,weredeterminedwithaMagellan2000hand-
heldGPSdeviceat50-metcrintervalsalongtheestablishedperimeterofeach
population.Relerencemapsforeachpopulationweredrawninthefield,using
SMITHETAL.,CURRENTSTATUSOFSOLIDAGOSHORTIIINKENTUCKY 1123
Fig.1.LocationofthepopulationsofSliort'sgoldenrodinKentudy.The"star"indicatedtheapproximatelocationofthe
majorityofpopulationsattheintersectionofFleming(F),Robertson(R),andNicholas(N)counties.
measurementstakenfromlocallandmarkstoorientfieldmapswithaerial
photographsandtopographicmaps(describedbelow).Areaestimatesloreach
populationwerecalculatedfromfieldmeasurementsandcombinedwithstem
countGsIStaMkaepnpimng2.0—01AtnooEbvteanitnTdheensmietyuseisntgimtahteesGPfoSrdeaatcahppooipnutlsatwiaosn.createdin
ArcView3.0.TheXcoordinatewassettoLongitude,theYcoordinatetoLati-
tude,andtheProjectionwassettoLambertConformalConic.Aerialandtopo-
graphicimagesofthefieldresearchareaweredownloadedfromtheKentucky
OfficeofGeographicInformationSystems(KYOGIS)website(ogis.state.ky.us/).
TheKYOGISdownloadincludedafilecontaininggeoreferencinginformation.
ALineThemewascreatedtoshowtheplants'distribution.Theplants'
locationsandtheirproximitytolandmarksvisibleontheaerialphotowere
verifiedandcorrectedbasedonourfieldobservations.Otherdatasetswerecom-
binedwiththeimagesandpopulationlines.Forexample,aStateHighways
themeandCountiesthemefromEnvironmentalSystemsResearchInstitute
(ESRI)wereaddedtoshowthelocationsofhighwaysandcountyboundaries.
Finally,wecreatedtheincludedmaps(Fig.2)usingtheArcViewLayouttool.
Alldataandmapfilesareavailabletoappropriatescientificinvestigatorsand
stateandfederalagenciesuponrequest.
RESULTS
TheArcViewsystemallowsustosuperimposetheGPS-deriveddatapointsfor
eachpopulationontoanumberofhighresolutioncartographicinterfaces,e.g.,
anaerialphotograph(Fig.2A)oratopographicmap(Fig.2B).Comparisons
withearliermapsarenotquantitativeduetodifferencesincartographicmeth-
odologies.Likewise,exactcomparisonsofsurfaceareacoverageforeachpopu-
1124 BRIT.ORG/SIDA21(2)
/ \ .tL:: »
RobertsonCounty
V
l/'
FlemingCounty
m 1,
NicholasCounty
\Vy^' J/«*E•l--' ;.:,, '' :;„;„., -
::;^
1/ if" ',.." " ' ""%.
1
• ... \\A^\//1-/„./_'(^•-// f-:.*'-<r, ig..\.,:",% ' ''''»'.;^',"''^"....>'....'4.Wwf*;'-:*"(,„'',:-'• '.'.'.;.»,.'"^'-1*''.;..,..^^.,X.,.
I ;)•'! ,. ''^%:v"^k ' ,..!*»*' ' ''" ,'. .^^
Fig.2A.ExampleofaGIS-generatedmapshowingthelocationoftheknownextantKentuckypopulationsofShort's
goldenrod,withtheexceptionofpopulations#11and#15.BoxednumberingofpopulationsfollowsEvans(1987).Solid
whitelinesarecountyboundaries,dashedwhitelinesarestateandfederalhighways,theserpentinefiguretraversing
themapistheLickingRiver,andpopulationboundariesareshowninred.Onlythosepopulationsfoundonproperties
ineitherstateorfederalagencyownershipareshown.
SMITHETAL.,CURRENTSTATUSOFSOLIDAGOSHORTMINKENTUCKY 1125
Fig.2B.Theidenticalshapefileinfigure2A,nowsuperimposedoveraUSGStopographicmap.
1126 BRIT.ORG/SIDA21(2)
lationrelativetoanearlierstudy(Bucheleetal.1989)aredifficultduetodiffer-
encesinsamplingtechniques.However,weareconfidentthatbothsampling
methodologiesareofsufficientaccuracytoallowforgeneralcomparisons.Two
populationsioundonlandsinprivateownership(#11and#15)arenotshown
onourmapstoprovidethosepopulationswithsomemeasureofprotection.
Thecensusresults,ratherdramaticwhencomparedtoearlierstemcounts,
aresummarizedinTable1.Baseduponcomparisonwitheariierstemcounts
andsurfaceareaestimates(Bucheleetal.1989)thepopulationsclusterintothe
followingcategories.
—
Decline. Thisisthestatusofpopulations#1-4,#7,#11and#12,allhav-
ingdeclinedinstemnumbersrangingfroma1.25-foldto33-lold.Population
#6exhibitsalargerfolddecrease,nowconsistingofonlyonestem.Wecon-
siderthispopulationtobeextirpated.Aconcomitantdecreaseinsurfacearea
isalsoseeninpopulation#1-4,#7and#8.Whileexperiencingaslightdecline
instemnumber(1.25-fold),population#12hasexpandeditssurfaceareaby13-
fold.Censusdatalorpopulation#11arenotavailablefor2002,aswewereun-
abletoobtainpermissionfromtheprivatepropertyownertoexaminethissite.
GISdatawereobtainedlorthispopulationalongaborderingroad,andmapped
Irompriorfieldobservations.
—
Extirpated. Population#6occursalongahighwayright-of-wayandisa
remnantolaoncelargerpopulationthatwasintentionallydestroyedbyalo-
callandownerThereisnowasinglestemremaining.Theoriginalpopulation
#10(Evans1987)wasdestroyedbyalocallandowner(MrAllison,pers.comm.).
Wediscoveredaremnantsetofeightplantsin1998,ca.100meterseastofthe
originallocality.Thissetisnowextirpatedduetolocalsuccessionalchanges,
e.g.,increased—canopycoverfromarborescentspecies(primarilyQuercusspp.).
Increase. Population#5istheonlypopulationthathasincreasedinstem
number,from530in1989toanestimated3,488in2001.Thisisaccompanied
byanincreaseincoverageareafrom870m-in1989to5,380m-in2001.Thisis
nowthelargestKentucl<ypopulationofShort'sgoldenrodintermsofJDotharea
andstemnumber
—
Doubtful reports. Population#14,locatedon privateproperty(the
KingsolverfarmnearBlueLicksBattlefieldStatePark)hasbeenofdoubtful
determinationsinceits"discovery".Therearenovoucherspecimensfromthis
site,andrepeatedeffortsbytheauthorsinf998and1999andbyD.White(Ken-
tuckyStateNaturePreservesCommission,pers.comm.)tolocateS..sf]orfiiplants
metwithfailure.Thispopulation,ife—verextant,isnowextirpated
Recently discoveredpopulation. Population#15wasdiscoveredbyMr.
NickDrozdaoftheKSNPCduringasurveyofabisontrace(trail)in1998.This
populationwasrevisitedin 2003andfoundtohaveincreasedinnumberof
stemsanddistribution.
TBaubclhee1l.eSuetmaml.a(r1y98o9f),pforpoulma2ti0o0n1-c2e0n0s3usaraendfraormeathoifscsotvuedyr.agTeheofnaullmbkenroiwnngvoefripfioepdulpaotpiuolnasti#o1n-s1o3fISshtohratt'sogfoElvdaennsro(1d98i7n),KePnotpuuclkayt.iDoant#a1f4rowmas19d8e9siagrneattheodsaenodf
firstmappedbyBaskinetal.(2001),and#15istherecentdiscoverybyN.Drozda.The"FirstReport"entryreferstotheearliestnotationinstatusrecords
maintainedbytheUSFWSandprovidedbyD.WhiteoftheKSNPC.K5NPC=KentuckyStateNaturePreservesCommission;P=privateovi/nership;KSPC-
KentuckyStateParksCommission;KHC=KentuckyHighwayCommission;ROW=Right-of-Way;USFWS^UnitedStatesFishandWildlifeService.*exf/rpoted
=populationconsistingof1plant,butinessenceextirpated;**14=dubiousreport;***!5=^stemnumberestimateprovidedbyN.Drozda(pers.comm.).
Population Stem# Foldincrease/ Aream2 Foldincrease/ Density Ownership FirstReport
# 1989/2001 decrease 1989/2002 decrease (#stems/m2)
1 42,000/2,549 16-folddecrease 4,600/3,027 1.5-foiddecrease 9.13/0.842 KSNPC/KSPC 1936
2 10,150/573 18-folddecrease 12,840/1,367 9.4-folddecrease 0.790/0.419 KSPC 1983
3 3,500/193 18-folddecrease 4,500/300 15-folddecrease 0.778/0.642 P 1987
4 1,400/42 33-folddecrease 1,290/193 7-folddecrease 1.08/0.217 KSNPC/KSPC 1936(?)
5 530/3,488 7-foldincrease 870/5,380 6-foldincrease 0.609/0,648 KSNPC 1983
6 2,100/10(00),1(02) '"extirpated 515/1 NA NA P/KDOT(ROW) 1986
7 6,300/1,000 6-folddecrease 6,230/524 12-folddecrease 1.01/1.91 KDOT(ROW) 1957
8 1,780/672 3-folddecrease 2,570/766 3-folddecrease 0.692/0.877 KSNPC 1934
9 640/<25(00),3(02) ^extirpated 2,485/1 NA NA P(ROW) 1987
10 240/13(00), (02) extirpated 15/0 NA 16.0/0 P/KDOT(ROW) 1985
11 2,500/800 3-folddecrease 265/NA NA 9.43/NA P 1985
12 2,300/1,846 1.25-folddecrease 390/4,877 13-foldincrease 5.89/0.378 USFWS(ROW) 1939
13 180/0 extirpated Feb-00 NA 90.0/0 P 1987
**14 15-20(?)/0 extirpated(?) NA NA NA P 1989
***15 NA/100(03) NA NA/120 NA NA/0.83 P 1998
1128 BRIT.ORG/SIDA21(2)
DISCUSSION
Giventhestateofmappingtechnologyin1987(andthepassageoftime)itis
notsurprisingthatmapsderivedthroughGI5apphcationsaredifferentfrom
theoriginalmaps.Whatisofparticularnoteisthegeneralnumericdeclinein
allbutonepopulation(#5)of5.shoriii.Populations#1,2,and4havebeen
withinthejurisdictionoftheKentuckyStateParksCommissionduringthis
periodofcomparison,yetallthreehavesufferedmassivedecline.Anunequivo-
calcauseforthedeclineofthesethreeand/oranyotherpopulationsunderpro-
tection(i.e..populations#5and8,underthejurisdictionoftheKSNPC,and
population#12,undertheUSFWS)isnotclear
Thespatialdistributionpatternsofthepopulationsfallintotv^'ocatego-
ries.Thefirstweterm"linear"(populations#1,3-4,6-9,11and12).Severalof
thesepopulationsoccuralongeitherpowerlineorhighwayrights-of-way(Table
1),butothersoccurinwhatappearstobeuninterruptedhabitat(e.g.#4)con-
formingtoalinearpattern.Thiscouldbeduetolocalizededaphicconditions,
asthepreferredhabitatisonewithshallowsoils.Thesecondcategorywerefer
toas"polygonal"(populations#2and#5).Thesehabitatsarecontinuousareas
uninterruptedbyroads.Theplants,however,aredistributeddiscontinuously
throughoutthemappedarea,theperimeterofthepopulationsassumingan
irregulargeometricoutline.Theprecisereasonsforthisdifferenceinspatial
distributionpatternsisatpresentunknownbutcouldbeduetosubterranean
factors,e.g.,rockshieldsunderlyingshallowsoilsandprovidinganunsuitable
habitatforcompetingspecies.Alternatively,theplants'distributioncouldbe
duetoseeddispersalpatternsofthosespecificpopulations.Atpresentbothof
thesepostulatesremainuntested.
Theresultsofthestemcountcomparisonaredramatic.Numbersofstems
hasdecreasedsince1989forallobservedpopulationsexcept#5.Thispopula-
tionexistsinanoldfieldthatiscurrentlyunderthemanagementandowner-
shipof theKentuckyStateNaturePreservesCommission.Theresultsofthe
areaestimatesareequallydramatic,sincealloftheobservedpopulationsex-
ceptfor#5havedecreasedinareasince1989.Population#1hasexperienced
themostmarkeddecline,mostlikelyduetoimpropermanagementandin-
creaseddevelopmentanduseofparkrecreationfacilitiesbyvisitors.Thispopu-
lationisnowdissectedintoseveraldistinctgroups,eachfollowingeitheraroad
orapowerlineright-of-wayoraformerbisontraceremnant.Thegladearea
withintheparkwheretheplantswerepreviouslyobservedmabundanceis
nowpopulatedprimarilybyS.ncmoralh.Asimilarsituationexistsinpopula-
tion#2.Theimpactof5.ncmoralisonthelong-termpersistenceofS..shor(iiis
notknown,althoughwehaveobservedasteadydeclineinthesetwopopula-
tions(Table1).
Threepopulationshavebeenextirpated,onebynaturalmeansandtwoby
SMITHETAL.,CURRENTSTATUSOFSOLIDAGOSHORTIIINKENTUCKY 1129
humanintervention.Population#13occurredinanopenfieldandconsistedof
180stemsin1989(Bucheleetal.1989).Thefieldwassubjectedtomowinginthe
earlyyearsofthe1990s,butinthelatterhalfofthedecadethefieldwasnot
cultivated.Competitionfromnon-nativegrasses(e.g,Festuca)andforbs(e.g.,
Lespedeza)havecontributedtothelossofthispopulation.Population#6grew
inanactivelygrazedpastureandwasremovedbythelandownerin1988by
bulldozingthehabitat(USFWSrecordsandD.White,pers.comm.).Indiscus-
sionswiththelocallandowneritwasrevealedthatpopulation#10waselimi-
natedthroughextensivemowingofcaulescentstemsandthedepositionofcon-
cretedebrisonthepersistentrosettes,beginnmgpriorto1995.Population#11
occursalongawoodlandedgeandappearedratherstableovertheperiodof
thisstudy.
Thestatusofaquestionablepopulationhasalsobeenresolved.Population
#14wasfirstcitedinBaskinetal.(2000).Wewereunabletolocateplantsinthe
fieldduring1998and1999,andtherewasconfusionregardingtheaccuracyof
theoriginalspeciesdetermination(D.White,pers.comm.).Recordsmaintained
bytheUSFWSindicatedca.15-20stemsof"Short'sgoldenrod"in1989,butnone
wasfoundineither1997or1998.IndependenteffortsbyD.White(pers.comm.)
werealsounsuccessful.IfthispopulationofShortsgoldenrodeverexisted,itis
clearthatitisnowextirpated.
In2000,anewpopulationwasdiscoveredbyN.DrozdaoftheKSNPCalong
aformerbisontrace(trail)mFlemingCounty.Thispopulationconsistedof
ca.25stems,andtheplantsweredescribedas"depauperate"(USFWSrecords).
Thepopulation,designatedas#15inTable1,persistedinto2003andnowcon-
sistsofca.100stemsconcentratedalongthebisontracewithafewindividuals
scatteredintheadjacentwoods.
In1995seven"clumps"ofcultivatedS.shortii(originallyobtainedfroma
BlueLickspopulation)wereplantedontheIndianashorelineoftheOhioRiver,
acrossfromthetypelocalityattheFallsoftheOhioRiverinanefforttorein-
troducethespeciesintosuitableriparianhabitat(Homoya1996).Theseplants
werelostinthefollowingyearduetoincreasedwaterflowfromwinterrunoff
(D.White,pers.comm.).ArecentreportdescribesapopulationofShort'sgold-
enrodinIndiana(wwwm.gov/dnr/public/novdecOl/newsl.htm).Thisisthe
firstverifiedrecordofShort'sgoldenrodoutsideofKentucky(avoucherspeci-
menhasbeendepositedatMOBOT),thesiteoccurringwithinaformermigra-
tionpatternoftheextincteasternwoodlandbison{BisonhisonL.).Thiscould
representaveryoldpopulationthathasbeengeneticallyisolatedfromtheKen-
tuckypopulationsforperhapsseveralcenturies.Alternatively,thispopulation
couldconsistofescapedcolonizersfromthe1995efforttoreintroducetheplants
inIndiana,asthenewlydiscoveredpopulationisca.50nauticalmilesdown-
streamfromtheattemptedreintroduction.Geneticanalysesofsamplesfrom
1130 BRIT.ORG/SIDA21(2)
boththeKentuckyandhidianapopulationsarenowunderwayinaneffortto
resolvethisissue.
ACKNOWLEOGMHNTS
Appreciationisextendedtothe WildernessRoadGirlScoutCouncilTroop
#1265fortheirmappingofpopulation#4,andtoBruceDavisandtheCISMap
1-aboratoryol EasternKentuckyUniversitylorassistancewithGISsoftware
andmapgeneration.Fundinginsupportoffieldandcomputationalactivities
wasobtainedthroughaSigmaXiGrant-in-AidofResearch(JBB),throughcon-
tracts#20379and#99161405fromtheKentuckyStateNaturePreservesCom-
missionandtheUSFishandWildlifeService,twoEKUFacultyResearchAwards
andNIH/NCRRAward#P20RR1648US1(PJC).DiscussionswithMarcEvans
andDeborahWhite,andthefieldassistanceofTiffanyCarpenterandChris-
tinaShacklefordaregratefullyacknowledged.NickI3rozdaescortedPCtopopu-
lation#f5andprovidedcriticalbackgroundinformation.Thecommentsand
reviewsofMoriahBeckandRobNaczionthemanuscript,andassistancefrom
SaraFuentesandl.upitaSanchezwithSpanishtranslationareappreciated.
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