High-power converters and AC drives

466 Pages·2017·22.72 MB·English

by  Narimani

HIGH-POWER CONVERTERS
AND AC DRIVES
IEEEPress
445HoesLane
Piscataway,NJ08854
IEEEPressEditorialBoard
TariqSamad,EditorinChief
GeorgeW.Arnold XiaoouLi RayPerez
GiancarloFortino VladimirLumelsky LindaShafer
DmitryGoldgof Pui-InMak ZidongWang
EkramHossain JeffreyNanzer MengChuZhou
HIGH-POWER CONVERTERS
AND AC DRIVES
SecondEdition
Bin Wu
Mehdi Narimani
Copyright©2017byTheInstituteofElectricalandElectronicsEngineers,Inc.Allrightsreserved.
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ISBN:978-1-119-15603-1
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
AbouttheAuthors xv
PrefaceandAcknowledgments xvii
ListofAbbreviations xix
PartOne Introduction 1
1. Introduction 3
1.1 OverviewofHigh-PowerDrives 3
1.2 TechnicalRequirementsandChallenges 5
1.2.1 Line-SideRequirements 5
1.2.2 Motor-SideChallenges 6
1.2.3 SwitchingDeviceConstraints 7
1.2.4 DriveSystemRequirements 7
1.3 ConverterConfigurations 8
1.4 IndustrialMVDrives 11
1.5 Summary 14
References 15
Appendix 16
2. High-PowerSemiconductorDevices 17
2.1 Introduction 17
2.2 High-PowerSwitchingDevices 18
2.2.1 Diodes 18
2.2.2 SiliconControlledRectifier(SCR) 18
2.2.3 GateTurn-Off(GTO)Thyristor 21
2.2.4 GateCommutatedThyristor(GCT) 23
2.2.5 InsulatedGateBipolarTransistor(IGBT) 26
2.2.6 OtherSwitchingDevices 28
v
vi Contents
2.3 OperationofSeriesConnectedDevices 29
2.3.1 MainCausesofVoltageUnbalance 29
2.3.2 VoltageEqualizationforGCTs 29
2.3.3 VoltageEqualizationforIGBTs 31
2.4 Summary 32
References 33
PartTwo MultipulseDiodeandSCRRectifiers 35
3. MultipulseDiodeRectifiers 37
3.1 Introduction 37
3.2 Six-PulseDiodeRectifier 38
3.2.1 Introduction 38
3.2.2 CapacitiveLoad 40
3.2.3 DefinitionofTHDandPF 43
3.2.4 PerUnitSystem 45
3.2.5 THDandPFofSix-PulseDiodeRectifier 45
3.3 Series-TypeMultipulseDiodeRectifiers 47
3.3.1 12-PulseSeries-TypeDiodeRectifier 47
3.3.2 18-PulseSeries-TypeRectifier 52
3.3.3 24-PulseSeries-TypeRectifier 54
3.4 Separate-TypeMultipulseDiodeRectifiers 57
3.4.1 12-PulseSeparate-TypeDiodeRectifier 57
3.4.2 18-and24-PulseSeparate-TypeDiodeRectifiers 61
3.5 Summary 62
References 63
4. MultipulseSCRRectifiers 65
4.1 Introduction 65
4.2 Six-PulseSCRRectifier 65
4.2.1 IdealizedSix-PulseRectifier 66
4.2.2 EffectofLineInductance 70
4.2.3 PowerFactorandTHD 72
4.3 12-PulseSCRRectifier 74
4.3.1 Idealized12-PulseRectifier 75
4.3.2 EffectofLineandLeakageInductances 77
4.3.3 THDandPF 78
4.4 18-and24-PulseSCRRectifiers 79
4.5 Summary 80
References 81
Contents vii
5. Phase-ShiftingTransformers 83
5.1 Introduction 83
5.2 Y/ZPhase-ShiftingTransformers 83
5.2.1 Y/Z-1Transformers 83
5.2.2 Y/Z-2Transformers 85
5.3 Δ/ZTransformers 86
5.4 HarmonicCurrentCancellation 89
5.4.1 PhaseDisplacementofHarmonicCurrents 89
5.4.2 HarmonicCancellation 90
5.5 Summary 92
PartThree MultilevelVoltageSourceConverters 93
6. Two-LevelVoltageSourceInverter 95
6.1 Introduction 95
6.2 SinusoidalPWM 95
6.2.1 ModulationScheme 95
6.2.2 HarmonicContent 97
6.2.3 Over-Modulation 99
6.2.4 ThirdHarmonicInjectionPWM 99
6.3 SpaceVectorModulation 101
6.3.1 SwitchingStates 101
6.3.2 SpaceVectors 101
6.3.3 DwellTimeCalculation 104
6.3.4 ModulationIndex 106
6.3.5 SwitchingSequence 107
6.3.6 SpectrumAnalysis 109
6.3.7 Even-OrderHarmonicElimination 111
6.3.8 DiscontinuousSpaceVectorModulation 113
6.4 Summary 116
References 117
7. CascadedH-BridgeMultilevelInverters 119
7.1 Introduction 119
7.2 H-BridgeInverter 120
7.2.1 BipolarPulseWidthModulation 120
7.2.2 UnipolarPulseWidthModulation 121
7.3 MultilevelInverterTopologies 124
7.3.1 CHBInverterwithEqualDCVoltage 124
7.3.2 H-BridgeswithUnequalDCVoltages 125
viii Contents
7.4 Carrier-BasedPWMSchemes 128
7.4.1 Phase-ShiftedMulticarrierModulation 128
7.4.2 Level-ShiftedMulticarrierModulation 131
7.4.3 ComparisonBetweenPhase-andLevel-ShiftedPWM
Schemes 135
7.5 StaircaseModulation 138
7.6 Summary 140
References 140
8. Diode-ClampedMultilevelInverters 143
8.1 Introduction 143
8.2 Three-LevelInverter 143
8.2.1 ConverterConfiguration 143
8.2.2 SwitchingState 144
8.2.3 Commutation 145
8.3 SpaceVectorModulation 148
8.3.1 StationarySpaceVectors 148
8.3.2 DwellTimeCalculation 150
⃗
8.3.3 RelationshipBetweenV LocationandDwellTimes 153
ref
8.3.4 SwitchingSequenceDesign 154
8.3.5 InverterOutputWaveformsand
HarmonicContent 158
8.3.6 Even-OrderHarmonicElimination 162
8.4 Neutral-PointVoltageControl 165
8.4.1 CausesofNeutral-PointVoltageDeviation 165
8.4.2 EffectofMotoringandRegenerativeOperation 165
8.4.3 FeedbackControlofNeutral-PointVoltage 165
8.5 Carrier-BasedPWMSchemeandNeutral-PointVoltage
Control 167
8.6 OtherSpaceVectorModulationAlgorithms 169
8.6.1 DiscontinuousSpaceVectorModulation 169
8.6.2 SVMBasedonTwo-LevelAlgorithm 170
8.7 High-LevelDiode-ClampedInverters 170
8.7.1 Four-andFive-LevelDiode-ClampedInverters 171
8.7.2 Carrier-BasedPWMforHigh-LevelDiode-Clamped
Inverters 173
8.8 NPC/H-BridgeInverter 174
8.8.1 InverterTopology 176
8.8.2 ModulationScheme 177
8.8.3 WaveformsandHarmonicContent 178
8.9 Summary 180
References 180
Appendix 182
Contents ix
9. OtherMultilevelVoltageSourceInverters 185
9.1 Introduction 185
9.2 MultilevelFlying-CapacitorInverter 185
9.2.1 InverterConfiguration 185
9.2.2 ModulationSchemes 186
9.3 ActiveNeutral-PointClampedInverter 188
9.3.1 InverterConfiguration 188
9.3.2 SwitchingStates 189
9.3.3 PrincipleofSwitchPowerLossDistribution 190
9.3.4 ModulationSchemesandDevicePower
LossDistribution 191
9.3.5 Five-LevelANPCInverter 194
9.4 Neutral-PointPilotedInverter 197
9.4.1 InverterConfiguration 197
9.4.2 SwitchingStates 198
9.4.3 ModulationSchemeandNeutralPointVoltage
Control 199
9.5 NestedNeutral-PointClampedInverter 200
9.5.1 InverterConfiguration 200
9.5.2 SwitchingStates 201
9.5.3 PrincipleofFlying-CapacitorVoltageControl 202
9.5.4 ModulationSchemeswithCapacitorVoltageBalancing
Control 204
9.5.5 High-LevelNNPCInverters 207
9.6 ModularMultilevelConverter 209
9.6.1 InverterConfiguration 209
9.6.2 SwitchingStatesandArmVoltage 211
9.6.3 ModulationScheme 212
9.6.4 VoltageBalancingofFloatingCapacitors
inMMCs 215
9.6.5 CapacitorVoltageRipplesandCirculating
Currents 220
9.7 Summary 222
References 222
PartFour PWMCurrentSourceConverters 225
10. PWMCurrentSourceInverters 227
10.1 Introduction 227
10.2 PWMCurrentSourceInverter 228
10.2.1 TrapezoidalModulation 229
10.2.2 SelectiveHarmonicElimination 233
x Contents
10.3 SpaceVectorModulation 237
10.3.1 SwitchingStates 238
10.3.2 SpaceVectors 238
10.3.3 DwellTimeCalculation 240
10.3.4 SwitchingSequence 242
10.3.5 HarmonicContent 244
10.3.6 SVMVersusTPWMandSHE 246
10.4 ParallelCurrentSourceInverters 247
10.4.1 InverterTopology 247
10.4.2 SpaceVectorModulationforParallelInverters 248
10.4.3 EffectofMediumVectorsonDCCurrents 250
10.4.4 DCCurrentBalanceControl 251
10.4.5 ExperimentalVerification 252
10.5 Load-CommutatedInverter(LCI) 253
10.6 Summary 254
References 255
Appendix 256
11. PWMCurrentSourceRectifiers 257
11.1 Introduction 257
11.2 Single-BridgeCurrentSourceRectifier 257
11.2.1 Introduction 257
11.2.2 SelectiveHarmonicElimination 258
11.2.3 RectifierDCOutputVoltage 263
11.2.4 SpaceVectorModulation 265
11.3 Dual-BridgeCurrentSourceRectifier 265
11.3.1 Introduction 265
11.3.2 PWMSchemes 266
11.3.3 HarmonicContents 267
11.4 PowerFactorControl 269
11.4.1 Introduction 269
11.4.2 Simultaneous𝛼andm Control 269
a
11.4.3 PowerFactorProfile 273
11.5 ActiveDampingControl 275
11.5.1 Introduction 275
11.5.2 SeriesandParallelResonantModes 275
11.5.3 PrincipleofActiveDamping 276
11.5.4 LCResonanceSuppression 278
11.5.5 HarmonicReduction 280
11.5.6 SelectionofActiveDampingResistance 283
11.6 Summary 283
References 284
Appendix 285