Table Of ContentHIGH MODULUS POLYMERS
PLASTICS ENGINEERING
Series Editor
Donald E. Hudgin
Princeton Polymer La boratorics
Plainsboro, New Jersey
1. Plastics Waste: Recovery of Economic Value, Jacob Leidner
2. Polyester Molding Compounds, Robert Burns
3. Carbon Black-Polymer Composites : The Physics of Electrically Conducting
Composites, Edited by Enid Keil Sichel
4. The Strength and Stiffness of Polymers, Edited by Anagnostis E.
Zachariades and Roger S. Porter
5. Selecting Thermoplastics for Engineering Applications, Charles P. MacDermott
6. Engineering with Rigid PVC: Processability and Applications, Edited by
I. Luis Gomez
7. Computer-Aided Design of Polymers and Composites, D. H. Kaelble
8. Engineering Thermoplastics: Properties and Applications, Edited by James
M. Margolis
9. Structural Foam: A Purchasing and Design Guide, Bruce C. Wendie
10. Plastics in Architecture: A Guide to Acrylic and Polycarbonate, Ralph
Montella
11. Metal-Filled Polymers : Properties and Applications, Edited by Swapan K.
Bhattacharya
12. Plastics Technology Handbook,Manas Chanda and Salil K. Roy
13. Reaction Injection Molding Machinery and Processes, F. Melvin Sweeney
14. Practical Thermoforming : Principles and Applications, John Florian
15. Injection and Compression Molding Fundamentals, Edited by Avraam I.
Isayev
16. Polymer Mixing and Extrusion Technology, Nicholas P. Cherimisinoff
17. High Modulus Polymers: Approaches to Design and Development, Edited
by Anagnostis E. Zachariades and Roger S. Porter
Other Volumes in Preparation
HIGH MODULUS POLYMERS
Approaches to Design and Development
edited by
Anagnostis E. Zachariades
IBM Almaden Research Center
San Jose, California
Roger S. Porter
Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
University of Massachusetts
Amherst, Massachusetts
MARCEL DEKKER, INC. New York and Basel
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
High modulus polymers.
(Plastics engineering ; 1 7)
Includes index.
l. Polymers and polymerization--Mechanical properties. 2. Polymer liquid
crystals. I. Zachariades, Anagnostis E. II. Porter, Roger Stephen. Ill. Series:
Plastics engineering (Marcel Dekker, Inc.) ; 17.
TA455.P58H54 1988 668.9 87-20119
ISBN 0-8247-7799-9
Copyright©l988 by MARCEL DEKKER, INC. All Rights Reserved
Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilm-
ing, and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without
permission in writing from the publisher.
MARCEL DEKKER, INC.
270 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016
Current printing (last digit):
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 I
PRINTED IN THE UNITED ST A TES OF AMERICA
PREFACE
This book reflects current understanding of property
enhancement through development of molecular structure. The
book is edited from selected contributions by leading researchers
on the subject. Studies on liquid crystalline and semicrystalline
polymers provide a state of the art knowledge of the molecular
organizations. Morphologies, once only the concern of the solid
state, are now being evaluated also under flow conditions in
"melts" and solutions for rod-like and flexible chain polymers.
These subjects are the attention of the fifteen chapters.
Chapters 1-8 focus on studies of liquid crystalline polymers. This
section is introduced by a review of the literature on the
processing of thermotropic and lyotropic liquid crystalline
polymers and some new experiments on the fiber melt spinning
of a thermotropic aromatic copolyester. Chapter 2 presents
studies of the properties of thermotropic liquid crystalline
polymers in the solid phase with emphasis on their mechanical
iii
iv PREFACE
properties in the oriented state. Chapter 3 concentrates on the
development of molecular orientation in elongational
deformation processes and the relationship of the resultant
mechanical properties to the structure of the oriented states.
Chapter 4 discusses the melt rheology of a particular group of
aromatic copolyesters and describes their small strain linear
viscoelastic in terms of a model which is applicable also to flexible
chain polymers. Chapter 5 discusses the use of liquid crystalline
polymers for the plasticization and reinforcement of
thermoplastic polymers. Chapter 6 focuses on the magnetic
orientation of polymers, for the purpose of probing the mechanics
of their microstructure, and Chapter 7 on the rheological and
rhea-optical properties of isotropic and nematic solutions of a
rod-like chain polymer. The development of rigid-rod molecular
composites, by dispersing a rigid rod polymer in a polymer matrix,
is discussed in Chapter 8.
Chapters 9-15 present studies on semicrystalline
polymers. Chapter 9 is a review of the analytical techniques used
for the determination of the molecular extension in deformed
polymers. Chapter 10 is a study of the relationship between
molecular draw ratio and tensile properties, and Chapter 11 a
stochastic Monte-Carlo approach, based on the kinetic theory of
fracture for the study of the maximum tensile strength of
polymer fibers. Chapter 11 is followed by dynamic tensile
deformation studies of spherulitic poly-alpha-olefins. Analysis
is made by dynamic X-ray diffraction at various temperatures and
frequencies, in order to assign mechanical dispersions (Chapter
12). Chapter 13 is a study of the effect of chlorosulfonation on
the morphology and the mechanical properties of ultra-high
modulus polyethylene fibers, for their potential application in
composites. An overview of a roll-drawing process for obtaining
high modulus sheets is provided in Chapter 14. This is followed
by research studies on the microwave heat drawing process for
deforming polar, semicrystalline polymers (Chapter 15).
It is our hope that this book, which complements our 1983
edited book by this publisher on the "Strength and Stiffness of
Polymers," will stimulate new research and be of value to fellow
PREFACE V
scientists who are interested in this significant and growing aspect
of structure-property relationships for potential high modulus
polymer systems.
Anagnostis E. Zachariades
Roger S. Porter
CONTENTS
PREFACE ........................................................................ .iii
CONTRIBUTORS ............................................................. xi
1. PROCESSING OF POLYMER LIQUID CRYSTALS ..... 1
David N. Lewis and John F. Fellers
2. STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF ORIENTED
THERMOTROPIC LIQUID CRYSTALLINE
POLYMERS IN THE SOLID STATE .............................37
Geoffrey R. Davies and Ian M. Ward
3. DEVELOPMENT OF ORIENTATION DURING
PROCESSING OF LIQUID CRYSTALLINE
POLYMERS ......................................................................71
Sunil K. Garg and Samuel Kenig
vii
