High-Frequency Isolated Bidirectional Dual Active Bridge DC–DC Converters with Wide Voltage Gain

326 Pages·2019·23.96 MB·English

by  Deshang Sha

CPSS Power Electronics Series
Deshang Sha
Guo Xu
High-Frequency
Isolated Bidirectional
Dual Active Bridge
DC–DC Converters
with Wide Voltage
Gain
CPSS Power Electronics Series
Series editors
Wei Chen, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
Yongzheng Chen, Liaoning University of Technology, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
Xiangning He, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
Yongdong Li, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
Jingjun Liu, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
An Luo, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China
Xikui Ma, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
Xinbo Ruan, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing,
Jiangsu, China
Kuang Shen, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
Dianguo Xu, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
Jianping Xu, Xinan Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Mark Dehong Xu, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
Xiaoming Zha, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
BoZhang,SouthChinaUniversityofTechnology,Guangzhou,Guangdong,China
Lei Zhang, China Power Supply Society, Tianjin, China
Xin Zhang, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, China
Zhengming Zhao, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
Qionglin Zheng, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
Luowei Zhou, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
This series comprises advanced textbooks, research monographs, professional
books,andreferenceworkscoveringdifferentaspectsofpowerelectronics,suchas
VariableFrequencyPowerSupply,DCPowerSupply,MagneticTechnology,New
Energy Power Conversion, Electromagnetic Compatibility as well as Wireless
Power Transfer Technology and Equipment. The series features leading Chinese
scholars and researchers and publishes authored books as well as edited
compilations. It aims to provide critical reviews of important subjects in the field,
publish new discoveries and significant progress that has been made in develop-
ment of applications and the advancement of principles, theories and designs, and
report cutting-edge research and relevant technologies. The CPSS Power
Electronics series has an editorial board with members from the China Power
Supply Society and a consulting editor from Springer.
Readership: Research scientists in universities, research institutions and the
industry, graduate students, and senior undergraduates.
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15422
Deshang Sha Guo Xu
(cid:129)
High-Frequency Isolated
Bidirectional Dual Active
–
Bridge DC DC Converters
with Wide Voltage Gain
123
Deshang Sha GuoXu
AdvancedPower Conversion Center, AdvancedPower Conversion Center,
Schoolof Automation Schoolof Automation
Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing Institute of Technology
Beijing Beijing
China China
ISSN 2520-8853 ISSN 2520-8861 (electronic)
CPSSPower Electronics Series
ISBN978-981-13-0258-9 ISBN978-981-13-0259-6 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0259-6
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2018939940
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Preface
Bidirectional DC–DC converters are widely used as power interfaces for many
applications that need both changing and discharging of the energy storage com-
ponents, such as batteries, super-capacitors. Among various types of bidirectional
DC–DC converters, dual active bridge (DAB) converter has become popular and
preferred topology during these years for its attractive advantages including sym-
metrical structure, zero-voltage switching, bidirectional power transfer capability,
and high-power density.
This book presents different DAB converter topologies and power control
strategies to achieve better power conversion performances for applications
requiring both bidirectional power flow and galvanic isolation. The studied
topologies can be used for applications needing a relatively wide voltage ranges
such as energy storage system, automotive applications, solid-state transformer
(SST)-based DC fast charger. The converter working principles, power transfer
characteristics,converterlossesareanalyzedinthisbook.Basedonthat,thepower
controlstrategiesareappliedtoachievebetterperformanceaimedatdifferentcontrol
goals. This book will benefit the researchers and engineers inthe fieldof topology
and control for dual active bridge isolated bidirectional DC–DC converters. The
outcomes will enable effective development and high-quality mass production of
novel high-performance DC–DC converters for the aforementioned bidirectional
power applications. The main objectives are as follows,
1) To review and summarize the existed mainstream topologies and control
methods for dual active bridge converters which are viewed as challenging
research and application topic in the field of electrical engineering.
2) To develop new topologies for the applications that require wide voltage gain
range due to the interfacing with the batteries. These applications include
energy storage system, automotive applications, SST-based DC fast charger.
3) To develop effective and simple control methods to achieve reduced current
stress and wide ZVS ranges for the bidirectional dual active bridge DC–DC
converters.
v
vi Preface
4) To present useful methodologies and philosophies to develop new topologies
andcontrolsforisolatedbidirectionalDC–DCconvertertoachievewidevoltage
range.
This book consists of 12 Chapters based on our several research projects, and
covering the aspects of converter topologies and power control strategies for DAB
converters. Like most books, this book starts with an introduction in Chap. 1 to
present a brief introduction focusing on the applications and classifications of
bidirectional DC–DC converters, review of the control methods for dual active
bridgecontrol,andkeyissuesofDABconverters.Fortherestofthecontents,from
thetopologypointofview,thisbookcanbedividedintotwoparts.Thefirstpartis
focusedontopologyandcontrolforvoltagefeddualactivebridgeconverterswhich
arefromChaps.2to6,andthesecondpartpresentsthetopologiesandcontrolsfor
current-fed dual active bridge converters which are included from Chaps. 7 to 12.
The detail organization of the book content is summarized in Chap. 1.
The authorswish toexpresstheir sincerethanks toProf. ZhiqiangGuo, Beijing
Institute of Technology for his contribution on the three-level DAB converter
research and other contributions to this book. The author would also like to
acknowledge the contributions of Mr. Yaxiong Xu and Dr. Jiankun Zhang on the
voltage-typeDABconverters, Dr.XiaoWang,Mr.Deliang Chen,Mr.LingyuXu,
Mr. Wenqi Yuan on the current-fed DAB converters.
The author would like to thank for the support from the National Natural
ScienceFoundationofChinaunderGrant51577012,from StateKeyLaboratoryof
Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources under Grant
LATS17019, from Key Laboratory of Solar Thermal Energy and Photovoltaic
System of Chinese Academy of Sciences.
The author would also like to thank their families who have given tremendous
supportallthetime. Finally,theauthorsareextremelygratefultoSpringerandthe
editorial staff for the opportunity to publish this book and help in all possible
manners.
Beijing, China Deshang Sha
Guo Xu
Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Application of Bidirectional DC–DC Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 Energy Storage System for Microgrid or
Smart Grid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.2 Automotive Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1.3 SST Application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2 Classification of Bidirectional DC–DC Converter . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.1 Non-isolated and Isolated DC–DC Converter. . . . . . . . 5
1.3 Isolated Bidirectional DC–DC Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3.1 PWM Controlled, Frequency Controlled
and Phase Shift Controlled Bidirectional DC–DC
Converter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3.2 Current-Fed DAB Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.3.3 Multi-level DAB DC–DC Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.4 Research Literature of DAB Converters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.4.1 Basic Principle of DAB Converters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.4.2 Control of Voltage-Fed DAB Converters. . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.4.3 Control of Current-Fed DAB Converters . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.5 Key Issues of DAB Converter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.5.1 ZVS Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.5.2 Non-active Power and Current Stress. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.5.3 Wide Voltage Gain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.6 Organization of the Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2 Unified Boundary Trapezoidal Modulation Control for Dual
Active Bridge DC–DC Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.1 Fixed Duty Cycle Compensation and Magnetizing Current
Design for DAB DC–DC Converter with Trapezoidal
Modulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
vii
viii Contents
2.1.1 Conventional Trapezoidal Modulation (TZM) . . . . . . . 26
2.1.2 ZVS Conditions for DAB Converter with
Conventional TZM Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.1.3 Proposed Fixed Duty Cycle Compensation . . . . . . . . . 29
2.1.4 Magnetizing Current Design to Achieve ZVS
for S and S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
7 8
2.2 Power Transfer Characteristic and Selections of Duty Cycles
and Phase Shift Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.2.1 Selections of Duty Cycles and Phase Shift Ratio for
Minimum RMS Circulating Current. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.2.2 Maximum Power Transfer Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.3 Boundary TZM Control and Its Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.3.1 Boundary TZM Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.3.2 Implementation of Boundary TZM Control . . . . . . . . . 38
2.4 Experimental Verification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.5 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3 Hybrid-Bridge-Based DAB Converter with Wide Voltage
Conversion Gain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.1 Working Principle of Hybrid-Bridge-Based DAB Converter . . . 47
3.1.1 Topology and Modulation Scheme
for Hybrid-Bridge-Based DAB Converter . . . . . . . . . . 48
3.1.2 Working Stages of the Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.2 ZVS Conditions and Power Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.2.1 Current Range for ZVS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.2.2 Proposed VM Control to Ensure Wide ZVS Range . . . 55
3.3 Converter Performance with Proposed Voltage
Match Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.3.1 Voltage Gain Under VM Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.3.2 Power Transfer Characteristics with VM Control . . . . . 58
3.3.3 Switches ZVS Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
3.4 Implementation of the Proposed Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
3.5 Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
3.5.1 General Comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
3.5.2 Comparison of Inductor RMS Current and Total
Conduction Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
3.6 Experimental Verification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
3.7 Discussion and Future Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
3.8 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Contents ix
4 Dual-Transformer-BasedDAB Converter withWide ZVS Range
for Wide Voltage Gain Application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
4.1 Converter Topology and Operation Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
4.1.1 Topology and Modulation Schedule Using
Phase Shift Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
4.1.2 Working Stages of the Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
4.2 ZVS Constraints and Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
4.2.1 Current Range for ZVS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
4.2.2 ProposedControlLawtoAchieveFullRangeofZVS
for S , S , S and S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
1 2 5 6
4.2.3 Transformer Turns Ratio Consideration and
Extension of ZVS Range for S and S . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
3 4
4.3 Converter Characteristics with Proposed Control. . . . . . . . . . . . 80
4.3.1 Power Characteristics Under Proposed Control. . . . . . . 80
4.3.2 Implementation of the Proposed Control . . . . . . . . . . . 81
4.4 Design Consideration and Comparison. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
4.4.1 Leakage Inductance Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
4.4.2 Turns Ratios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
4.5 Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
4.5.1 Device RMS and Peak Current Comparison. . . . . . . . . 85
4.5.2 ZVS Range Comparison. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
4.5.3 Transformer Size Comparison. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
4.6 Experimental Verification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
4.7 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
5 Blocking-Cap-Based DAB Converters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
5.1 Topology of the Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
5.2 Typical Waveforms of the Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
5.3 Working Stages of the Converter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
5.3.1 Full-Bridge Operation Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
5.3.2 Half-Bridge Operation Mode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
5.4 ZVS Conditions of the Converter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
5.5 Power Transfer Characteristic and ZVS Region
Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
5.5.1 Power Transfer Characteristic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
5.5.2 ZVS Region. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
5.5.3 RMS Current Comparison. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
5.6 Experimental Results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
5.6.1 Rated Load (1 kW) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
5.6.2 Light Load (270 W). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
5.7 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114