High Field Brain MRI: Use in Clinical Practice PDF
Preview High Field Brain MRI: Use in Clinical Practice
Tommaso Scarabino Saverio Pollice Teresa Popolizio Editors High Field Brain MRI Use in Clinical Practice Second Edition 123 High Field Brain MRI Tommaso Scarabino • Saverio Pollice Teresa Popolizio Editors High Field Brain MRI Use in Clinical Practice Second Edition Editors Tommaso Scarabino Teresa Popolizio Department of Radiology and Department of Neuroradiology Neuroradiology “IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza” “L. Bonomo” Hospital San Giovanni Rotondo (FG) Andria (BT) Italy Italy Saverio Pollice Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology “L. Bonomo” Hospital Andria (BT) Italy ISBN 978-3-319-44173-3 ISBN 978-3-319-44174-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-44174-0 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017931059 © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Preface The second revised and implemented edition of this text aims to provide an update on the progress achieved in the high-field MRI systems in terms of hardware, software, its use in clinical routine and in the research field. During the last years, there has been an increase in the installation trend of MRI 3 Tesla scanner all over the world, thanks to new laws and concessions introduced by the legislative systems of different European countries and thanks to the growing interest in the experts deriving from the different utli- ties and diagnostic possibilities. Through the research carried out in this area by various manufacturing companies, the 3 Tesla scanners have become more compact, powerful, and versatile. These improvements have also been accompanied by a reduction of the differences in terms of the purely economic costs compared with more widely diffused 1.5 Tesla devices. In this text, the many benefits offered by a 3 Tesla scanner compared to 1.5 Tesla are highlighted: higher signal, higher resolution, higher sensitivity, shorter imaging times, additional more advanced study procedures and enhanced diagnostic capacity, greater accuracy in morphofunctional study of the brain. With advances in terms of software and hardware, some of the shortcom- ings of the 3.0 T systems, previously put in evidence, (inhomogeneity of the field, artifacts caused by susceptibility and chemical shift, elevated SAR, high costs), are currently less relevant. The 3.0 T MR systems currently offer morphological investigation with high spatial, temporal and contrast resolution (essential for diagnosis). They also provide physiological, metabolic and functional information, enhancing the diagnostic power of routine MR imaging in terms of sensitivity and speci- ficity both in clinical practice and in applied research purposes. This volume includes papers on the techniques and semeiotics of morpho- functional cerebral imaging at 3.0 Tesla (including reference to the advan- tages and drawbacks respect to lower field strength MR systems) and the main clinical applications in neuroradiology. Andria (BT), Italy Tommaso Scarabino Saverio Pollice San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy Teresa Popolizio v Contents Part I Techniques and Semeiotics 1 High-Field MRI and Safety: I. Installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Alberto Maiorana and Alessandra Iannelli 2 High-Field MRI and Safety: II. Utilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Alberto Maiorana and Alessandra Iannelli 3 3.0 T MRI Diagnostic Features: Comparison with Lower Magnetic Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Tommaso Scarabino, Giuseppe Maria Giannatempo, Saverio Pollice, Michelangelo Nasuto, Rosario Francesco Balzano, and Teresa Popolizio 4 Standard 3.0 T MR Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Tommaso Scarabino, Antonella Bacci, Giuseppe Maria Giannatempo, Saverio Pollice, Michelangelo Nasuto, Annamaria Pennelli, Raffaele Agati, and Teresa Popolizio 5 3.0 T MR Angiography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Tommaso Scarabino, Saverio Pollice, Giuseppe Maria Giannatempo, Michelangelo Nasuto, Rosario Francesco Balzano, and Teresa Popolizio 6 3.0 T MR Spectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Michela Tosetti, Timo Schirmer, Valentina D’Alesio, Alfonzo Di Costanzo, Tommaso Scarabino, Teresa Popolizio, Rosario Francesco Balzano, and Marco Perri 7 3.0 T Diffusion Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Armando Tartaro, Antonio Ferretti, Simone Salice, and Piero Chiacchiaretta 8 Nerve Pathways with MR Tractography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Maria Eugenia Caligiuri, Andrea Cherubini, Carlo Cosentino, Francesco Amato, Tommaso Scarabino, and Umberto Sabatini vii viii Contents 9 3.0 T Perfusion MRI Dynamic Susceptibility Contrast and Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Giuseppe Maria Giannatempo, Tommaso Scarabino, Teresa Popolizio, Tullio Parracino, Ettore Serricchio, and Annalisa Simeone 10 ASL 3.0 T Perfusion Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Piero Chiacchiaretta, Armando Tartaro, Simone Salice, and Antonio Ferretti 11 Functional MRI at 3.0 Tesla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Daniela Cevolani, Raffaele Agati, Francesco Di Salle, and Marco Leonardi 12 3.0 T Brain MRI: A Pictorial Overview of the Most Interesting Sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Teresa Popolizio, Francesca Di Chio, Rosario Francesco Balzano, and Tommaso Scarabino 13 Setting the Report and Support of the Functional Findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Armando Tartaro and Simone Salice Part II Applications 14 High-Field Neuroimaging in Traumatic Brain Injury and Disorders of Consciousness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 Chiara Falletta Caravasso, Francesco De Pasquale, Rita Formisano, and Umberto Sabatini 15 3.0 T Imaging of Ischemic Stroke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 Teresa Popolizio, Giuseppe Guglielmi, Annalisa Simeone, Giuseppe Maria Giannatempo, Marco Perri, Rosario Francesco Balzano, and Tommaso Scarabino 16 High-Field-Strength MRI (3.0 T or More) in White Matter Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 Maria Assunta Rocca, Simonetta Gerevini, Massimo Filippi, and Andrea Falini 17 High-Field Neuroimaging in Parkinson’s Disease . . . . . . . . . . . 239 Andrea Cherubini, Maria Eugenia Caligiuri, Patrice Péran, and Umberto Sabatini 18 High-Field 3 T Imaging of Alzheimer’s Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 Maria Eugenia Caligiuri, Andrea Cherubini, Tommaso Scarabino, and Umberto Sabatini 19 3.0T Imaging of Brain Gliomas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 Antonella Bacci, Gianluca Marucci, Caterina Budai, Federico Sacchetti, and Raffaele Agati Contents ix 20 3.0 Tesla of Advanced Neuroimaging of CNS Infection: A Pictorial Essay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 Simone Salice, Piero Chiacchiaretta, Antonio Ferretti, and Armando Tartaro 21 Use of fMRI Activation Paradigms: A Presurgical Tool for Mapping Brain Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 Daniela Cevolani, Raffaele Agati, and Marco Leonardi 22 3.0 T fMRI in Psychiatry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357 Linda Antonella Antonucci, Alessandro Bertolino, and Giuseppe Blasi 23 7 T MR: From Basic Research to Human Applications . . . . . . 373 Laura Biagi, Mirco Cosottini, and Michela Tosetti Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 Part I Techniques and Semeiotics 1 High-Field MRI and Safety: I. Installations Alberto Maiorana and Alessandra Iannelli High-field magnetic resonance (MR), originally V and the voltage induced by each spin both spin developed in the framework of spectroscopy and depend linearly on B [1, 2]. However, while the o functional neuroradiology, has become to our signal is proportional to the square of the static days an important diagnostic tool not only in field B , the noise is proportional to B, and there- o o research but also in advanced clinical practice. fore from 1.5 T to 3.0 T, the SNR doubles. This High magnetic fields afford a better signal/ allows to obtain an acceptable image quality even noise ratio (SNR) and consequently better spatial with increased spatial resolution or reduced time resolution in a shorter time of acquisition, even of acquisition. though the diagnostic outcome is then subject to The overall MR diagnostic outcome is always the dependence on the magnetic field of other a compromise between field strength and other factors that variously contribute to image parameter choices such as gradients used for quality. slice selection, radio frequency, and acquisition The rationale for the utilization of high mag- timing. netic fields in MR diagnostic imaging is obvious: For instance, achieving greater spatial resolu- the distribution of the population into two spin tion while minimizing undesired partial volume levels is statistically determined. effects requires increasing gradient steepness G z nf =eæèçDkTEöø÷ and reducing the frequency bandwidth Δω in the n where ΔE = h × γ × Bo depends on decoding readout phase, since slice thickness is the steatic magnetic field, h and γ are constants, nf defined as Dz= Dw [2]. is the spin population in the fundamental state, gG z and n is the population in excited state. e In any case, shimming requires a very strong An increase in B values results in an inversion o field homogeneity. For instance, nowadays 3 of the states of the two populations and therefore Tesla machines used routinely achieve usually in a stronger MR signal. field homogeneity of less than 1 1.5 ppm in a In fact, the signal intensity is proportional to spherical volume of 45 cm and of less than the square of the static magnetic field, since 0.005 ppm in a spherical volume of 10 cm, with a S ≅ (Nspin ⋅ Vspin) where the number of Nspin and peak gradient ramp of 30÷50 mT/m and slew rates of about 150÷200 T/m/s. Alberto Maiorana (*) • Alessandra Iannelli Another key principle is that the resonance Health Physics Department, frequency ω = γ × Bo depends on the static mag- “IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, netic field. It therefore is 43 MHz at 1.0 T and Viale Cappuccini, 71013, 128 MHz at 3.0 T, resulting in greater radio San Giovanni Rotondo (Fg), Italy © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017 3 T. Scarabino et al. (eds.), High Field Brain MRI, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-44174-0_1
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