High-Energy Physics in the Einstein Centennial Year

516 Pages·13.359 MB·English

by  F. Sciulli (auth.), Arnold Perlmutter, Frank Krausz, Linda F. Scott (eds.)

HIGH-ENERGY PHYSICS
IN THE EINSTEIN
CENTENNIALY EAR
Studies in the Natural Sciences
A Series from the Center for Theoretical Studies
University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida
Recent Volumes in this Series
Volume 7 - T.OPICS IN ENERGY AND RESOURCES
Edited by Behram Kursunoglu, Stephan L. Mintz, Susan M. Widmayer,
Chui·Shuen Hui, Joseph Hubbard, Joseph Malerba, and George Soukup
Volume 8 - PROGRESS IN LASERS AND LASER FUSION
Edited by Behram Kursunoglu, Arnold Perlmutter, Susan M. Widmayer,
Uri Bernstein, Joseph Hubbard, Christian Le Monnier de Gouville,
Laurence Mittag, Donald Pettengill, George Soukup, and M. Y. Wang
Volume 9 - THEORIES AND EXPERIMENTS IN HIGH·ENERGY PHYSICS
Edited by Behram Kursunoglu, Arnold Perlmutter, Susan M. Widmayer,
Uri Bernstein, Joseph Hubbard, Christian Le Monnier de Gouville,
Laurence Mittag, Donald Pettengill, George Soukup, and M. Y. Wang
Volume 10 -NEW PATHWAYS IN HIGH-ENERGY PHYSICS I
Magnetic Charge and Other Fundamental Approaches
Edited by Arnold Perlmutter
Volume 11 -NEW PATHWAYS IN HIGH-ENERGY PHYSICS II
New Particles-Theories and Experiments
Edited by Arnold Perlmutter
Volume 12 -DEEPER PATHWAYS IN HIGH-ENERGY PHYSICS
Edited by Behram Kursunoglu. Arnold Perlmutter, Linda F. Scott,
Mou-Shan Chen, Joseph Hubbard, Michel Mille, and Mario Rasetti
Volume 13 - THE SIGNIFICANCE OF NONLINEARITY IN THE NATURAL SCIENCES
Edited by Behram Kursunoglu, Arnold Perlmutter, Linda F. Scott,
Mou-Shan Chen, Joseph Hubbara, Michel Mille, and Mario Rasetti
Volume 14 - NEW FRONTIERS IN HIGH-ENERGY PHYSICS
Edited by Behram Kursunoglu, Arnold Perlmutter, Linda F. Scott,
Osman Kadiroglu, Jerzy Nowakowski, and Frank Krausz
Volume 15 - ON THE PATH OF ALBERT EINSTEIN
Edited by Behram Kursunoglu, Arnold Perlmutter, and Linda F. Scott
Volume 16 - HIGH-ENERGY PHYSICS IN THE EINSTEIN CENTENNIAL YEAR
Edited by Behram Kursunoglu, Arnold Perlmutter, Frank Krausz, and
Linda F. Scott
A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring
delivery of each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon
actual shipment. For further information please contact the publisher.
ORBIS SCIENTIAE
HIGH-ENERGY PHYSICS
IN THE EINSTEIN
CENTENNIALY EAR
Chairman
Behram Kursunoglu
Editors
Arnold Perlmutter
Frank Krausz
Linda F. Scott
Center for Theoretical Studies
University of Miami
Coral Gables, Florida
PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK AND LONDON
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Orbis Scientiae, University of Miami, 1979
High-energy physics in the Einstein centennial year.
(Studies in the natural sciences; v. 16)
"A part of the proceedings of Orbis Scientiae 1979 held by the Center
for Theoretical Studies, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, January
15-18,1979."
Includes index.
1. Particles (Nuclear physics) -Congresses. I. KursunoQlu, Behram,
1922- II. Perlmutter, Arnold, 1928- III. K'rausz, Frank. IV.
Scott, Linda F. V. Miami, University of, Coral Gables, Fla. Center for
Theoretical Studies. VI. Title. VII. Series.
aC793.071979 539.7'21 79-18441
ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-3026-4 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-3024-0
001: 10.1007/978-1-4613-3024-0
A part of the proceedings of Orbis Scientiae 1979,
held by the Center for Theoretical Studies,
University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, January 15-18, 1979
© 1979 Plenum Press, New York
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1979
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
227 West 17th Street, New York, N.Y. 10011
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
PREFACE
The editors are pleased to submit to the readers the state
of the art in high energy physics as it appears at the beginning
of 1979.
Great appreciation is extended to Mrs. Helga S. Billings
and Mrs. Connie Wardy for their assistance with the conference
and skillful typing of the proceedings which was done with great
enthusiasm and dedication.
Orbis Scientiae 1979 received some support from the Department
of Energy.
The Editors
v
CONTENTS
Evidence for Quarks from Neutrino-Nucleon Scattering...... 1
F. Sciulli
Direct Experimental Evidence for Constituents in the
Nucleon from Electromagnetic Scattering
Experiments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Karl Berkelman
Physics After T and T 79
A. Pais
Protons Are Not Forever................................... 91
D. V. Nanopoulos
Gauge Hierarchies in Unified Theories..................... 115
Itzhak Bars
Anomalies, Unitarity and Renormalizatior................... 133
Paul H. Frampton
Charm Particle Production by Neutrinos.................... 139
N.P. Samios
34
Techniques to Search for Proton Instability to 10
Years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
David B. Cline
Charged and Neutral-Current Interference: The Next
Hurdle for Weinberg-Salam........................... 175
S.P. Rosen
The Quark Model Pion and the PCAC Pion.................... 191
K. Johnson
Quark Model Eigenstates and Low Energy Scattering......... 207
F.E. Low
vii
viii CONTENTS
On the Equations of State in Many Body Theory............ 221
R.E. Norton
Pyson Equations, Ward Identities, and the Infrared
Behavior of Yang Mills Theories.................... 247
M. Baker
Instantons and Chiral Symmetry........................... 267
Robert D. Carlitz
QCD and Hadronic Structure............................... 285
Laurence Yaffe
High Energy Predictions from Perturbative Q.C.D.......... 303
A. Mueller
Perturbative QCD: An Overview............................ 313
Stephen D. Ellis
Topics in the QCD Phenomenology of Deep-Inelastic
Scattering. • . • • . • • • • • • . • • • . • • • • • . • • . • • • . • • • . • . • . • • . 327
L.F. Abbott
Quantum Chromodynamics and Large Momentum Transfer
Process es . • . • • . • . • • • . • . • . • . • . • • • . • • • • • • • . • . . • • • . . • • 347
J.F. Owens
Testing Quantum Chromodynamics in Electron-Positron
Annihilation at High Energies...................... 373
Lowell S. Brown
Spin Effects in Electromagnetic Interactions............. 395
P.A. Souder and V.W. Hughes
Very Recent Spin Results at Large P: 441
A.D. Krisch
Hadroproduction of Massive Lepton Pairs and QCD.......... 455
Edmond L. Berger
Orbis Scientiae 1979, Program............................ 515
Parti cipants. . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . • . . • • . . . • • • • . • . • . • . . . • 519
Index. . . . . . . . • . . . • . . • . . . • . • . • . . . • . . . . . . . . • • . • • . • . . • • . • • . • 523
EVIDENCE FOR QUARKS FROM NEUTRINO-NUCLEON SCATTERING*
F. Sciulli
California Institute of Technology
Pasadena, California 91125
I. POINT-LIKE STRUCTURE - QUARKS
There is near unanimity in the particle physics community that
hadrons (neutrons, protons, pions, etc.) are made up, at least in
part, by quarks - point-like objects with some well-defined properties
(spin - 1/24t, charge - 1/3, + 2/3, etc.). As with all scientific
concepts, there is no way to prove it. We can only ask whether the
concept of quarks provides an acceptable explanation of the known
facts, whether the ideas have led to new predictions which were ver
ified, and whether there are any other experimental facts which con
flict with that idea. If there are alternative concepts that provide
all three of these, none in my knowledge brings the simplicity to the
problem that the quark concept brings.
When Gell-Mann and Zweig inventedl the concept more than 15 years
ago, the idea was revolutionary: quarks were considerably less real
to us then than they are today. Fractional charge indeed! And yet,
the tables of hadron masses could be grouped into predictable sets,
relations between certain masses could be found, other properties of
the hadrons could be predicted. The prediction and discovery of the
*Work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract
NO. EY76-C03-0068 for the San Francisco Operations Office.
2 F. SCIULLI
n-
was one of the most exciting scientific enterprises of this cen-
2
tury. We cannot ignore the brilliant successes of the quark-
concept •.. they are too definitive and too numerous.
The single most intellectually difficult problem with quarks is
that we have not been able to study them in isolation from hadrons -
we cannot examine their properties with the same techniques used for
the other particles that we study - therefore, they assume less
reality in our minds. There is no question that the experiment which
succeeds in separating a quark from all other quarks will completely
solve this conceptual difficulty.3 But we must face the possibility
that nature will not allow such a thing to happen: that quarks might
never be completely removed from the environment of other quarks.
To some extent, we have already faced this problem. We are
studying the spins and charges of quarks; we don't use the tra
ditional tried-and-true techniques of passing beams of them through
electric and magnetic fields, however. We can't make such beams.
We use other techniques, some of which will be described today. Those
techniques have already established the quark charge and spin and are
presently being used to unravel the quark-quark force. Table I shows
the properties of those quarks for which there presently exists
evidence.
Table I
Nucleon
Quark Spin Charge Number
u 1/2~ - 1/3 e + 1/3
d 1/211 + 2/3 e + 1/3
s 1/2 -tc - 1/3 e + 1/3
c 1/21i + 2/3 e + 1/3
b 1/211 - 1/3 e + 1/3
The quantum properties of the ordinary nucleons, neutron or pro
ton, are presumed to be a consequence of their composition by the
EVIDENCE FOR QUARKS FROM NEUTRINO-NUCLEON SCATTERING 3
first two entries, u and d. That is the proton has p - (uud) , and
the neutron has n - (ddu). There may, of course, be other quarks in
the nucleon if they are accompanied by their anti-quark partner, and
there may be other kinds of constituents (e.g. gluons) which do not
carry the quantum numbers in the table.
II. THE NEUTRINO PROBE
Neutrinos are particles with very low mass, no charge, spin of
1/2~, and with very small interaction strength. Because of their
spin, they have two helicity states: right-handed and left-handed.
They are of importance in many areas of physics and cosmology, so I
will assume that the audience is familiar with them. Suffice it to
say that we believe that we have a very good theory for neutrino
interactions with "point-like" (i.e. lepton-like) particles, V-A
theory, that should work up to neutrino energies over 500 GeV, and
may work well beyond that with simple known modifications. Figure
1 shows how we picture a neutrino interaction with a spin 1/2 point
like target, T.
These are the reactions:
\J + T -+ II + T' (Ia)
II
+
\J + T'-+ II + T (lb)
II
For our purposes, using neutrinos as a tool, let me state the
three relevant properties of such collisions that come from the V-A
theory:
1. As the velocities of all the particles in the center-of-mass
system approach the speed of light (~ -+ 1),
(a) only left-handed T-particles interact
(b) onlf right-handed T-antiparticles interact.
(It is a consequence of this fact that neutrinos only exist in
the left-handed state, and anti-neutrinos only exist in the
right-handed state).