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HIGH DILUTION EFFECTS: PHYSICALAND BIOCHEMICALBASIS This page intentionally left blank High Dilution Effects: Physical and Biochemical Basis by Nirmal C. Sukul Department of Zoology, Visva-Bharati University and Anirban Sukul Department of Zoology, Visva-Bharati University KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS NEW YORK,BOSTON, DORDRECHT, LONDON, MOSCOW eBookISBN: 1-4020-2156-9 Print ISBN: 1-4020-2155-0 ©2005 Springer Science + Business Media, Inc. Print ©2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht All rights reserved No part of this eBook maybe reproducedor transmitted inanyform or byanymeans,electronic, mechanical, recording, or otherwise, without written consent from the Publisher Created in the United States of America Visit Springer's eBookstore at: http://ebooks.kluweronline.com and the Springer Global Website Online at: http://www.springeronline.com Dedicated to Dr. B.N. Chakravarty who has explored and realized some of the immense therapeutic potential of Homeopathy through years of his clinical observation. This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS Preface xi Introduction 1 Chapter I Preparation of high dilution of drugs 3 1.1. Sources of drugs 3 1.1.1. Plant materials 3 1.1.2. Animal substances 3 1.1.3. Minerals and chemicals 4 1.1.4. Other biological materials 4 1.2. Proving of drugs 4 1.3. Preparation of mother tinctures 5 1.4. Potentization of drugs 5 Succussion 5 Trituration 6 1.4.1. Conversion of solid potencies into liquid ones 7 1 .5. Preservation of remedies and pharmaceutical forms 7 Summary 8 Chapter II Evidences for high dilution effects 11 2.1. Clinical evidences 11 2.2. Experimental evidences from animals 14 2.2.1. Biological effects on mammals and birds 15 a) Catalepsy model 16 Oral route effective 16 Dose response 16 b) Righting reflex model 17 Aqueous ethanol, the effective medium 17 2.2.2. Biological effects on amphibians 17 a) Young toads 17 b) Adult toads 18 2.2.3. Effects on chronic alcoholism 18 a) Ethanol intake 18 b) Ethanol-induced neuropathy 20 2.2.4. Effects on parasitic diseases 21 2.2.5. Electrophysiological studies 23 a) Lateral hypothalamic neurons of cats 24 vii viii CONTENTS b) Medial frontal cortex neurons of an awake rat 25 c) Hypothalamic neuronal responses of alcoholic rats to Nux vomica 26 d) Hypothalamic neuronal responses of rats on salty diet to Natrum mur 27 e) Effects on synaptic transmission 28 2.3. Experimental evidences from plants 31 2.3.1. Effect on parasites and pathogens of plants 32 2.4. Evidences from in vitro tests 33 2.4.1. Boyd’s in vitro experiment and other related experiments 34 2.4.2. In vitro experiment on red blood cells 36 Summary 37 Chapter III Physical basis of drugs at high dilutions 39 3.1. NMR spectroscopy 40 3.1.1. NMR spectra of homeopathic potencies 46 3.2. Infra-red spectroscopy 51 3.2.1. IR spectra of homeopathic potencies 52 Fourier Transform spectroscopy 54 3.3. Electronic spectroscopy 55 Charge-transfer interaction 59 Solvation and electronic spectra 60 3.3.1. Electronic spectra of homeopathic potencies 60 3.4. Spectrofluorometry 65 3.4.1. Application of fluorescence spectroscopy to homeopathy 66 3.5. Thermoluminiscence 68 3.6. Molecular association and water structure 68 3.6.1. Structure and dynamics of liquid water 70 Transport phenomena in water 72 Action of a homeopathic potency 73 Water structure in presence of solutes 73 Trituration and nano particles 75 Aqueous ethanol as a medium 76 Summary 76 Chapter IV Mechanism of action of potentized drugs 79 4.1. Lateralities and Homeopathy 79 4.2. Time modalities and Homeopathy 80 4.3. Similia principle and Homeopahty 81 4.4. Non-linear systems and Homeopathy 82 4.5. Miasms and their biological basis 84 CONTENTS ix 4.6. Polycrests, reappearance of past diseases and holism 85 4.7. Action of drugs at ultra high dilutions 86 4.7.1. Water as informational molecules 86 4.7.2. Two components of a homeopathic potency 87 4.7.3. Primary biomolecular target for a homeopathic potency 88 4.7.4. The cell and the plasma membrane 89 4.7.5. Membrane proteins 90 4.7.6. Biomolecules in continuous water medium 91 4.7.7. Aquaporins 92 Distribution in animals 93 Water Pump 93 Aquaporins in plants 94 Aquaporins in fungi and bacteria 94 Structure of aquaporin 95 Function of aquaporin : passage of water 96 Regulation of function of aquaporin and disease 96 4.7.8. Interaction between a potency and biomolecules 98 4.8. Role of carbohydrates in recognition process 101 4.9. Structured water and early life 103 Summary 104 References 107 Subject Index 121 Author Index 127