Hidatsa Morpho-Syntax and Clause Structure

429 Pages·2007·9.192 MB·English

by  John P. Boyle

THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO
HIDATSA MORPHO-SYNTAX AND CLAUSE STRUCTURE
VOLUME ONE
A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO
THE FACULTY OF THE DIVISION OF THE HUMANITIES
IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
DEPARTMENT OF LINGUISTICS
BY
JOHN P. BOYLE
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
AUGUST 2007
UMI Number: 3272979
Copyright 2007 by
Boyle, John P.
All rights reserved.
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Copyright O 2007 by John P. Boyle
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To my loving wife Mariam,
without whom this would not have been possible.
And to the memory of
Pearl Young Bear
and Ailsa Anna Gwin
for keeping the language alive.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
There are so many people without whom this dissertation would not have been
possible. First and foremost, I am greatly indebted to my good friends Alex and Lyle
Gwin, who have shown me great patience and understanding with regard to both the
Hidatsa language and culture. They have taught me a great deal and without them this
dissertation could not have been written. They are family. I also owe a special debt of
gratitude to Catherine LeFawn Crawford (Fawn) who kept me well fed during my many
stays in Mandaree. Thanks for the many games of scrabble and the fabulous sweet rolls!
I also would like thank the many people who have given me the opportunity to
work with them on the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation. These people have taken me into
their homes and treated me with the utmost kindness. I owe them all a great deal. They are
the late Finnegan Baker and Pat Fredericks, two people who's passing has left me greatly
saddened. I would also like to thank Fred Baker, Calvin Grinnell, Elton Spotted Horse,
Colter Crows Heart, Danyl Turner, Lana Turner, Lila Lone Eagle, Lynette Gwin, Dora
Gwin, Charlene Charging, and Catherine Crawford - my extended family at Ft. Berthold.
My life is much richer for knowing them.
I wish to thank the many faculty and staff at the Fort Berthold Community College
and the Mandaree elementary and high school whom I have known and worked with:
Malcolm Wolf, Delvin Driver, Quincee Baker, Martha Bird Bear, and Arvella White. They
have done so much to help keep the language alive.
Thanks to my committee: Jason Merchant, who read countless drafts, Amy
Dahlstrom, Jerry Saddock, and Michael Silverstein, all of whom taught me so much about
Native American languages, and Catherine Rudin who provided so many useful comments
and suggestions.
Thanks to my fellow students at the University of Chicago, especially Aaron
Griffith, Chris Corcoran, Erin Debenport, Chris Ball, Patrick Midtlyng, Katie Gruber,
Tamra Wysocki, David Kaiser, Sylvain Neuvel, Alex and Elaine Francis, and Lise Dobrin.
Also a very grateful thanks to Barbara Need and the late Karen Lahndal at the
University of Chicago Language Lab and Archive.
I would also like to thank my fellow Siouanists, especially Randy Graczyk. Randy
has read this dissertation several times and has always provided wonderful comments and
suggestions. I also want to thank Bob Rankin who first suggested I work on Hidatsa and
Wes Jones who has shared so much of his work on Hidatsa with me. Thanks to John
Koontz, David Rood, Carolyn Quintero, Shannon West, Linda Cumberland, Willem de
Reuse, Ardis Eschenberg, Ted Grim,J i mG oodtracks, Johannes Helmbrecht, Bruce
Ingham, Mary Marino, Regina Pustet, Blain Rudes, Kathy Shea, Sara Trechter, and Robert
Van Valin. They have all taught me so much.
I would also like to thank Joseph Jastrzembski and Minot State University. They
have been very supportive of my work and I look forward to further collaboration.
Thanks to the faculty and staff at the University of Utah, especially Mauricio Mixco
and Ed Rubin. Thanks also my wonderful colleauges at Northeastern Illinois University,
especially Rick Hallett, Shahrzad Mahootian, Lewis Gebhardt and Tracy Bielecki who have
been very supportive with their comments and time.
Much of the work on this dissertation was funded by grants from the Jacobs Fund,
The Endangered Languages Fund, and the Phillips Fund of the American Philosophical
Society.
Lastly, thanks to my family for their love and support. My wife Mariam, whom I
owe the world to, my mother Joyceen, who instilled in me a love for learning, and my
grandparents, Joyce and Harold, who were wonderful role models for hard work and
determination. They were always there for me.
Thank you all.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
VOLUME ONE
.............................................................................................
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iv
.........................................................................................................
LIST OF TABLES xiv
.................................................................................
MORPHEME ABBREVIATIONS xvi
...................................................................................................................
ABSTRACT xix
CHAPTER ONE .I NTRODUCTION AND HISTORY ............................................ 1
....
1. 0 . Introduction ...................... ..................................................................1.. .
1. 1 . A brief history of the Hidatsa (1750 to the present) ....................................... 1
1.1.1. Lifestyles and divisions ..................... . ............................................1
1 .I.2 . Smallpox ..................... ... ..........................................................5..
1.1.3. Reservation settlement and white expansion ...................................8.. .
1.1.4.T he construction of the Garrison dam (1953) ................................ 11
............................................................................................
1.2. Genetic affiliation 12
.......................................................................................
1.3. Previous scholarship 14
................................................................................................
1.4. Data sources 8
1.5. Problems with older data sources ...................... . ........................................ 20
1.6. Theoretical assumptions ........................... .. ............................................2..0.
1.7. The structure of Hidatsa ................................................................................ 22
1.8. Dialect and language variation ............................ . .......................................2. 2
1.9. Layout of the dissertation .................... . ...................................................2..3
CHAPTER TWO .T HE BASIC PHONOLOGY OF HIDATSA ..................................2 5
2.0. Introduction ................................................................................................ 25
2.1 . Orthography .......... ............ ....................................................................... 25
.......................................................................................
2.2. Phonemic inventory 27
.......................................................
2.2.1. Hidatsa consonantal inventory 27
vii
2.2.2. Hidatsa vocalic inventory .................... .. ....................................3. 3
2.3. Syllable structure ...................... .. ...........................................................3..4.
............................................................
2.4. Morphophonological sound changes 35
2.4.1. Vocalic ablaut .............................................................................. 35
2.4.2. Consonant frication ............................. .. ......................................3 9
2.4.3. Morphophonological processes ..................... . ..........................4..0
....
2.4.3.1. Relative marker vowel merge ...................... ..........4 0
2.4.3.2. Short ti/ deletion .............................................................4..1.
2.4.3.3. Constraint against VVV ..................................................4. 2
........................................
2.4.3.4. /r/ deletion in the approximative 44
....
2.4.3.5. The punctual 1-ahE-l ................... ...........................4. 5
2.4.3.6. Active pronominal prefixes ............................................. 45
2.4.3.7. Additional morphophonological changes ........................4..8
2.5. Accent ..................... ... ........................................................................4..8.
2.6. Conclusion .................................................................................................. 50
CHAPTER THREE .N OUNS AND NOMINALIZATION .........................................5. 2
3 .0 . Introduction ............................................................................................... -52
3 .1 . Hidatsa nominals ........................................................................................ 52
3.2. Derivational affixation ................................................................................ 56
3.2.1 . The diminutive suffixes -kaaia and -hkee ........................................5 6
3.2.2. The absolutive suffix -hcaki .............................................................5 9
3.2.3. The simulative suffix -hiJa (like) .....................................................6. 0
3 .2.4. Nonproductive derivational suffixes ..............................................6..1
3.2.4.1. The nominal suffixes -ka and -hka .................... .. ........6 1
3.2.4.2. The nominal suffix -ca ......................................................6 3
3.2.4.3. The nominal suffix -tha ......................................................6 4
3.2.4.4. The nominal suffix -hpi ....................................................6. 5
3.2.4.5. The suffixes -ci and -ti ............................................6.5.
3.3. Number marking on nouns ........................... . ...........................................6. 6
................................................................................................
3.4. Determiners 68
.................................................................................
3.5. Possession of nouns 7 1
3.5.1 . Inalienable possessive pronouns ............ .......... ........................ 72
3.5.1. 1 . Variations in inalienable possession .............................. 77
3.5.2. Alienable possessive pronouns .......................................................8. 0
3.5.3. The syntactic structure of possessive constructions ........................8. 1
3.6. Noun + noun compounds ......................... .. ..........................................8. 5
3.6.1 . Pseudo-nominal compounds ......................................................... -85
3.6.2. Possessive compounds ................................................................. 87
3.6.3. Partitive compounds ....................................................................... 89
3.6.3. 1 . Partitive of material ........................................................ 89
.............................................................
3.6.3.2. Partitive of source 90
3.6.3.3. Partitive of whole .................... . ..................................9 1
3.6.3.4. Descriptive partitives ..................... . .............................9..2
3.7. Noun + verb compounding ....................................................................... 92
3.8. Partitive constructions with aru- ................................................................... 93
3.8.1. Noun + aru + noun constructions ...................................................9. 4
3.8.2. Noun + aru + stative verb constructions ...................... . ............... 95
..............................................................
3.9. Nominalization with /&u-/and /NU-/ 96
3.9.1 . Constructions with /&u-/ ........................ . ................................. 97
3.9.2. Constructions with /am-/ .............................................................1..0 0
..................... . ...................
3.9.2.1 Relative clauses with /am-/ 100
3.9.2.1. Locative clauses ............................................................1.0. 1
............................................................
3.9.2.2. Temporal clauses 102
3 .10 . Nominalization through verb stripping ..................................................... 103
3.1 1. The abstract third person maa- ...................................................................1. 04
3.12. The instrumental nominalizer ii- ................................................................ 107
............................ .. ...................................................
3.13. Oblique arguments 109
................................................................................................
3.14. Conclusion 11 3
CHAPTER FOUR .T HE HIDATSA VERB: DERIVATIONAL AND
................................................................
INFLECTIONAL MORPHOLOGY 11 4
4 .0 . Introduction ................................................................................................ 114
4.1. Word formation and the Hidatsa lexicon ................................................... 114
.................................................................................
4.2. Derivational prefixes 116
4.2.1 . General instrumentals (applicatives) ....... ................ .. . .......1 16
4.2.2. Instrumental verbal prefixes ..........................................................1. 19
4.2.2.1 . ard 'by fire, heat, or intense cold' .................................1. 20
4.2.2.2. ara- 'by foot' .................................................................1..2 1
4.2.2.3.h a- 'with an edged tool. by cutting' ...............................1. 23
4.2.2.4. ni- (Irsi-1) 'by mouth. using the teeth. lips. or tongue' ......1 23
.................... . .....
4.2.2.5. naga- (Iraka-I) 'by striking. by force' -124