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158 Pages·2007·2.89 MB·English

by  Michael Totaro

Multi-hop Wireless Mesh Networks:
Performance Evaluation and Empirical Models

A Dissertation

Presented to the

Graduate Faculty of the

University of Louisiana at Lafayette

In Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements for the Degree

Doctor of Philosophy

Michael Wayne Totaro

Spring 2007
© Michael Wayne Totaro

2007

All Rights Reserved
Multi-hop Wireless Mesh Networks:
Performance Evaluation and Empirical Models

Michael Wayne Totaro

APPROVED

_________________________________ _________________________________
Dr. Dmitri D. Perkins, Chair Dr. Magdy Bayoumi
Assistant Professor of Computer Edmiston Professor of Computer
Engineering Engineering
The Center for Advanced Computer The Center for Advanced Computer
Studies Studies

_________________________________ _________________________________
Dr. Nian-Feng Tzeng Dr. Hong-Yi Wu
Lockheed Professor of Computer Assistant Professor of Computer
Engineering Engineering
The Center for Advanced Computer The Center for Advanced Computer
Studies Studies

_________________________________
Dr. C. E. Palmer
Dean of the Graduate School
DEDICATION

This dissertation is dedicated to Phyllis, my wife, and Malorie, our daughter, both of whom
have supported and encouraged me to persevere through life’s challenges.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. Dmitri Perkins. His willingness to support my work
and his guidance throughout my doctoral studies have allowed me to develop my skills as a
researcher within a supportive team environment. I thank him for that opportunity. Also, I
would like to thank Dr. Magdy Bayoumi. His advice, support, and counsel over the years
have been of equal importance. I would further like to thank the other members of my
committee: Dr. Nian-Feng Tzeng and Dr. Hong-Yi Wu. I greatly appreciate their time and
input to this dissertation.
Within The Center for Advanced Computer Studies, I owe many thanks to faculty,
staff, and students. I thank Cathy Pomier, Nancy Franks, and Rochelle Brasseaux, who have
always greeted me with a smile. To my fellow graduate students, I express my sincerest
gratitude for the many conversations that have had a tremendous impact on my research and
me as a person. Denvil, Ihklas, Moursy, Adam, Rajesh, and Haining, thank you so much.
To my colleagues and friends in the B. I. Moody III College of Business
Administration, I owe my gratitude for their unwavering encouragement and support, as I
progressed from one milestone to the next in my doctoral studies. I am particularly grateful to
Dr. Zhi Wei Zhu; I appreciate the unwavering support given me throughout this process.
Where I am today is due in no small measure to my family. I am immensely grateful
to my father, mother, brother, and sister, who have always been there for me. To my wife
and daughter, who have given me their unwavering love and support, and have sacrificed
considerable time apart from me during these past years, I dedicate this dissertation.
Finally, I must express a profound thanksgiving to Our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ,
through Whom all things are possible.
TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 1

Research Problem ......................................................................................................... 4

Research Goals.............................................................................................................. 4

Motivation ..................................................................................................................... 5

Empirical modeling ....................................................................................................... 7

Terms and Definitions................................................................................................... 8

Approach ....................................................................................................................... 9(cid:1)
Stage I ............................................................................................................. 10(cid:1)
Stage II ............................................................................................................ 10

Methodology: Motivation ........................................................................................... 11

State-of-the-Art ........................................................................................................... 12(cid:1)
IEEE 802.11 Mesh Network Performance ...................................................... 12(cid:1)
Unplanned 802.11b Mesh Network ................................................................ 13(cid:1)
Two-Tier Urban Mesh Network ..................................................................... 14

Contributions............................................................................................................... 15

Dissertation Organization ........................................................................................... 15

LITERATURE REVIEW ....................................................................................................... 16

Comprehensive Performance Evaluation .................................................................... 17(cid:1)
IEEE 802.11 .................................................................................................... 17(cid:1)
Multi-hop Wireless Mesh Networks ............................................................... 23(cid:1)
Confidence in Simulations .............................................................................. 27
Empirical Models ........................................................................................................ 34(cid:1)
Scientific Investigation and Empirical Models ............................................... 34(cid:1)
Statistical Design of Experiments ................................................................... 36

Response Surface Methodology ................................................................................. 38

METHODOLOGY AND DATA ANALYSIS ....................................................................... 40

Stage I: Preliminary Designs ...................................................................................... 40(cid:1)
Motivation ....................................................................................................... 41(cid:1)
First Design ..................................................................................................... 42(cid:1)
Expanded Design ............................................................................................ 60

Stage II: Models and Response Surfaces .................................................................... 74(cid:1)
Statistical Design of Experiments ................................................................... 75(cid:1)
Fractional Factorial Design: Simulation Setup ............................................... 75(cid:1)
Fractional Factorial Designs ........................................................................... 77(cid:1)
2k Full Factorial Design .................................................................................. 88(cid:1)
Response Surface Methodology ................................................................... 109

RESULTS ............................................................................................................................. 123

CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK ........................................................................... 133

BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................. 135

ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................... 143

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH ................................................................................................ 145(cid:1)

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LIST OF TABLES

1.1 List of Contributions ....................................................................................................14
3.1 First Design: Experimental Factors .............................................................................44
3.2 Design Matrix for 25 Factorial Design .........................................................................46
3.3 Example Experimental Data ........................................................................................48
3.4 Effects Table ................................................................................................................59
3.5 1/64 Fractional Factorial Design: Responses ...............................................................61
3.6 1/64 Fractional Factorial Design: Factors and Levels .................................................61
3.7 1/64 Fractional Factorial Design: ANOVA for THROUGHP .....................................64
3.8 1/64 Fractional Factorial Design: Fit Statistics for THROUGHP ...............................64
3.9 1/64 Fractional Factorial Design: Effect Estimates for THROUGHP .........................65
3.10 1/64 Fractional Factorial Design: ANOVA for END2END .......................................67
3.11 1/64 Fractional Factorial Design: Fit Statistics for END2END...................................67
3.12 1/64 Fractional Factorial Design: Effect Estimates for END2END ............................69
3.13 1/64 Fractional Factorial Design: ANOVA for JITTER..............................................70
3.14 1/64 Fractional Factorial Design: Fit Statistics for JITTER ........................................70
3.15 1/64 Fractional Factorial Design: Effect Estimates for JITTER ..................................71
3.16 Full Factorial Design: Responses.................................................................................73
3.17 Full Factorial Design: Factors and Levels ...................................................................73
3.18 Full Factorial Design Matrix ........................................................................................73
3.19 Two-Level 1/16 Fractional Design ..............................................................................76
3.20 1/16 Fractional Design Matrix .....................................................................................78
3.21 1/16 Fractional: ANOVA for THROUGHP ................................................................81
3.22 1/16 Fractional: Fit Statistics for THROUGHP ...........................................................81
3.23 1/16 Fractional Factorial: Effect Estimates for THROUGHP .....................................82
3.24 1/8 Fractional Factorial Design Matrix ........................................................................85
3.25 1/8 Fractional Factorial Design Responses ..................................................................85
3.26 Two-Level Full-Factorial Design ................................................................................89
3.27 2k Factorial Design Matrix ...........................................................................................90
3.28 2k Factorial Design Responses .....................................................................................91
3.29 235 Full Factorial: ANOVA for THROUGHP...........................................................101
3.30 235 Full Factorial: Fit Statistics for THROUGHP .....................................................101
3.31 235 Full Factorial: Effect Estimates for THROUGHP ...............................................101
3.32 235 Full Factorial: ANOVA for E2EDELAY ............................................................104
3.33 235 Full Factorial: Fit Statistics for E2EDELAY ......................................................104
3.34 235 Full Factorial: Effect Estimates for E2EDELAY ................................................105
3.35 235 Full Factorial: ANOVA for JITTER ...................................................................106
3.36 235 Full Factorial: Fit Statistics for JITTER ..............................................................106
3.37 235 Full Factorial: Effect Estimates for JITTER........................................................106
3.38 235 Full Factorial: ANOVA for PDRATIO ...............................................................107
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3.39 235 Full Factorial: Fit Statistics for PDRATIO..........................................................108
3.40 235 Full Factorial: Effect Estimates for PDRATIO ...................................................109
3.41 Response Surface Design Points ................................................................................118
3.42 Response Surface Design Responses Values .............................................................119
3.43 Response Surfaces: ANOVA for THROUGHP ........................................................120
3.44 Response Surfaces: Fit Statistics for THROUGHP ...................................................120
3.45 Response Surfaces: Effect Estimates for THROUGHP.............................................120
3.46 Response Surfaces: ANOVA for E2EDELAY ..........................................................120
3.47 Response Surfaces: Fit Statistics for E2EDELAY ....................................................121
3.48 Response Surfaces: Effect Estimates for E2EDELAY ..............................................121
3.49 Response Surfaces: ANOVA for JITTER .................................................................121
3.50 Response Surfaces: Fit Statistics for JITTER ............................................................121
3.51 Response Surfaces: Effect Estimates for JITTER .....................................................121
3.52 Response Surfaces: ANOVA for PDRATIO .............................................................121
3.53 Response Surfaces: Fit Statistics for PDRATIO .......................................................121
3.54 Response Surfaces: Effect Estimates for PDRATIO .................................................121
4.1 Optimization Results: (THROUGHP is Maximized) ................................................124
4.2 Optimization Results: (E2EDELAY is Minimized) ..................................................126
4.3 Optimization Results: (JITTER is Minimized) ..........................................................129
4.4 Optimization Results: (PDRATIO is Maximized) .....................................................131
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