Herding Monkeys to Paradise: How Macaque Troops Are Managed for Tourism in Japan

648 Pages·2011·11.678 MB·English

by  John Knight

Herding Monkeys to Paradise
Human-Animal Studies
Editor
Kenneth Shapiro
Animals & Society Institute
Editorial Board
Ralph Acampora
Hofstra University
Clifton Flynn
University of South Carolina
Hilda Kean
Ruskin College, Oxford
Randy Malamud
Georgia State University
Gail Melson
Purdue University
VOLUME 10
Herding Monkeys
to Paradise
How Macaque Troops are Managed
for Tourism in Japan
By
John Knight
LEIDEN • BOSTON
2011
Cover illustration: A monkey troop at Takasakiyama. Photograph courtesy of Aki.
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Knight, John, 1960-
Herding monkeys to paradise : how macaque troops are managed for tourism in Japan /
by John Knight.
p. cm. — (Human-animal studies)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-90-04-18793-1 (pbk. : alk. paper)
1. Japanese macaque. 2. Wildlife viewing sites—Japan. 3. Ecotourism—Japan. I. Title.
II. Series.
QL737.P93K55 2011
599.8’644—dc22
2011002693
ISSN 1573-4226
ISBN 978 90 04 18793 1
Copyright 2011 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing,
IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in
a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher.
Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV
provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center,
222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA.
Fees are subject to change.
contents v
For Masayo, Hana and Kai
vi contents
contents vii

Contents
List of Figures and tables ix
Foreword xiii
Acknowledgements xv
A note on the text xvii

Introduction 1

1 Monkeys in Paradise 27
Monkeys and Monkey Parks 27
The shadow of the Zoo 54
The ‘natural Zoo’ Concept 73
Displaying Forest Monkeys 79

2 searching for Monkeys 92
Monkey Avoidance of Humans 92
The Mobility of the troop 104
The opacity of the Forest 117
Beyond the Impasse 129

3 Provisioning the Monkeys 140
Provisioning for science 140
Provisioning for tourism 150
Provisioning as Crop Protection 177
Provisioning for Conservation 188

4 Working with Monkeys 203
Working in the Park 203
Feeding the Monkeys 214
Policing the Park 231
Knowing the Monkeys 251
viii contents
5 Herding the Monkeys 275
Remote Herding 275
Attracting the troop 284
Retaining and Returning the troop 297
seasonal Problems 321
6 Keeping out Monkeys 343
Park-edge Problems 343
Countermeasures 363
Counterhabituation 379
Contesting Responsibility 396

7 transforming the Monkeys 411
Proliferation 411
sedentarization 430
semi-domestication 448
Culture and Agency 462

8 Restoring the Monkeys 481
Forest-edge Display 481
Forest Display 498
‘Monkeywatching’ 514
Partial Restoration 532

Conclusion 543

Bibliography 573
Index 611
list of illustrations ix

LIst oF FIGURes AnD tABLes
Figures
1 1 A Japanese macaque 28
1 2 Map showing monkey parks in Japan 37
1 3 A road sign on shōdoshima referring to the Chōshikei
park 42
1 4 Visitor surrounded by monkeys at the Chōshikei park 43
1 5 Close-up view of monkeys at the takasakiyama park 43
1 6 Huddling monkeys at the Chōshikei park 51
1 7 Monkeys grooming while huddling at the Chōshikei
park 51
1 8 The saruyama exhibit at Ueno Zoo 65
1 9 Diagram of serial attraction at the monkey park 70
1 10 Diagram comparing zoo and monkey park 73
1 11 View of the feeding station at the Chōshikei park 80
1 12 Diagram of daily troop movement between park and
forest 81
2 1 Group of monkey hunters in tottori Prefecture 97
2 2 Itani Junichirō at the takasakiyama park 100
2 3 An aerial view of takasakiyama 107
2 4 Monkeys in the forest at shiga Kōgen 118
3 1 Monkeys on the beach on the island of Kōshima 147
3 2 Ueda tamotsu with monkeys at the takasakiyama park 155
3 3 summoning the monkeys with a conch-shell 159
3 4 Hazama naonosuke at Hieizan 163
3 5 Mito satsue on the island of Kōshima 194
3 6 Mito satsue with the Kōshima monkeys in her later
years 195
4 1 The nobuhara family at the Awajishima park 205
4 2 Monkey eating a water-melon at the Chōshikei park 219
4 3 Wheat feeding time at the takasakiyama park 221