Henry’s Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods, 23e PDF
Preview Henry’s Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods, 23e
Any screen. Any time. Anywhere. Activate the eBook version of this title at no additional charge. Expert Consult eBooks give you the power to browse and find content, view enhanced images, share notes and highlights—both online and offline. Unlock your eBook today. 1 Visit expertconsult.inkling.com/redeem 2 Scratch off your code 3 Type code into “Enter Code” box 4 Click “Redeem” 5 Log in or Sign up 6 Go to “My Library” It’s that easy! Scan this QR code to redeem your eBook through your mobile device: Place Peel Off Sticker Here For technical assistance: email HENRY’S BY Clinical Diagnosis AND Management Laboratory Methods ASSOCIATE EDITORS Martin H. Bluth, MD, PhD Professor, Department of Pathology Wayne State University School of Medicine Associate Director, Transfusion Service Detroit Medical Center Detroit, Michigan Mark S. Lifshitz, MD Director, Clinical Laboratories New York University Langone Medical Center Clinical Professor, Department of Pathology New York University School of Medicine New York, New York Jay L. Bock, MD, PhD Professor and Vice Chair for Clinical Pathology Director of Laboratories Department of Pathology Stony Brook Medicine Stony Brook, New York H. Davis Massey, DDS, MD, PhD Chief, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine H.H. McGuire VA Medical Center Associate Professor of Pathology Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Virginia Wilbur B. Bowne, MD Associate Professor of Surgery Associate Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department of Surgery Drexel University College of Medicine Philadelphia, Pennsylvania A. Koneti Rao, MBBS Sol Sherry Professor of Medicine Professor, Department of Clinical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Director, Benign Hematology, Hemostasis, and Thrombosis Co-Director, Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center Temple University School of Medicine Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Robert E. Hutchison, MD Director of Hematopathology and Clinical Pathology Department of Pathology State University of New York Upstate Medical University Syracuse, New York Elizabeth R. Unger, MD, PhD Chief, Chronic Viral Diseases Branch Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia Donald S. Karcher, MD Professor of Pathology Chair, Department of Pathology Director of Laboratories and Chief, Flow Cytometry and Clinical Chemistry Services George Washington University Medical Center Washington, DC Gail L. Woods, MD Professor, Department of Pathology University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Chief of Pediatric Pathology, Department of Pathology Arkansas Children’s Hospital Little Rock, Arkansas ii RD 23 E D I T I O N HENRY’S BY Clinical Diagnosis AND Management Laboratory Methods Richard A. McPherson, MD, MSc Professor of Pathology, Retired Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Virginia Matthew R. Pincus, MD, PhD Professor of Pathology State University of New York Downstate Medical Center Brooklyn, New York Chief, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine New York Harbor VA Medical Center New York, New York 3251 Riverport Lane St. Louis, Missouri 63043 HENRY’S CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT BY LABORATORY METHODS, 23e ISBN: 978-0-323-29568-0 Copyright © 2017 by Elsevier Inc. Martin H. Bluth retains copyright for his editorial and original contributions. Elizabeth R. Unger’s contribution is in the public domain. Previous editions copyrighted 2011, 2007, 2001, 1996, 1991, 1984, 1979, 1974, 1969, 1962, 1953, 1948, 1943, 1939, 1935, 1931, 1927, 1923, 1918, 1914, 1912, and 1908. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies, and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: McPherson, Richard A., editor. | Pincus, Matthew R., editor. Title: Henry’s clinical diagnosis and management by laboratory methods / [edited by] Richard A. McPherson, Matthew R. Pincus. Other titles: Clinical diagnosis and management by laboratory methods Description: Edition 23. | St. Louis, Missouri : Elsevier, [2017] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016000370 | ISBN 9780323295680 (hardcover : alk. paper) Subjects: | MESH: Clinical Laboratory Techniques | Clinical Laboratory Services Classification: LCC RB37 | NLM QY 25 | DDC 616.07/56–dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2016000370 Executive Content Strategist: William Schmitt Content Development Manager: Kathryn DeFrancesco Publishing Services Manager: Catherine Jackson Senior Project Manager: Clay S. Broeker Design Direction: Margaret Reid Printed in China Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 CONTENTS PART 1 The Clinical Laboratory 18 Cardiac Injury, Atherosclerosis, and Thrombotic Disease 244 EDITED BY Mark S. Lifshitz, Matthew R. Pincus Jay L. Bock 1 General Concepts and Administrative Issues 2 Tim Hilbert, Anthony Kurec, Mark S. Lifshitz 2 Optimizing Laboratory Workflow and Performance 11 Mark S. Lifshitz 3 Preanalysis 20 Mark S. Lifshitz 4 Analysis: Principles of Instrumentation 33 Matthew R. Pincus, Mark S. Lifshitz, Jay L. Bock 5 Analysis: Clinical Laboratory Automation 60 Timothy E. Caragher, Mark S. Lifshitz, Robert DeCresce 6 Point-of-Care Testing and Physician Office Laboratories 66 Lauren McVoy, Mark S. Lifshitz 7 Postanalysis: Medical Decision Making 73 Jeffrey S. Jhang, Mark S. Lifshitz 19 Specific Proteins 253 Richard A. McPherson 20 Clinical Enzymology 267 Robert P. Carty, Matthew R. Pincus, Ehsan Sarafraz-Yazdi 21 Evaluation of Liver Function 289 Matthew R. Pincus, Philip M. Tierno Jr., Elizabeth Gleeson, Wilbur B. Bowne, Martin H. Bluth 22 Laboratory Diagnosis of Gastrointestinal and Pancreatic Disorders 306 Haseeb A. Siddiqi, Martin J. Salwen, Mohammad F. Shaikh, Wilbur B. Bowne 23 Toxicology and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 324 Matthew R. Pincus, Martin H. Bluth, Naif Z. Abraham Jr. 24 Evaluation of Endocrine Function 362 Helena A. Guber, Amal F. Farag 25 Reproductive Function and Pregnancy 400 8 Interpreting Laboratory Results 84 Roohi Jeelani, Martin H. Bluth Matthew R. Pincus, Naif Z. Abraham Jr. 26 Vitamins and Trace Elements 416 9 Laboratory Statistics 102 Martin J. Salwen Richard A. McPherson 27 Chemical Basis for Analyte Assays and Common Interferences 428 10 Quality Control 112 W. Greg Miller Matthew R. Pincus, Jay L. Bock, Ralph Rossi, Donghong Cai 11 Clinical Laboratory Informatics 130 PART 3 Urine and Other Bodily Fluids Paul Tranchida, Mark S. Lifshitz, Martin H. Bluth EDITED BY Donald S. Karcher, Richard A. McPherson, Matthew R. Pincus 12 Financial Management 137 Mark S. Lifshitz, Robert DeCresce 13 Biological, Chemical, and Nuclear Terrorism: Role of the Laboratory 149 Philip M. Tierno Jr., Mark S. Lifshitz PART 2 EDITED BY Clinical Chemistry Jay L. Bock, Martin H. Bluth, Matthew R. Pincus 14 Evaluation of Renal Function, Water, Electrolytes, and Acid-Base Balance 162 Man S. Oh, Gary Briefel 15 Biochemical Markers of Bone Metabolism Katrin M. Klemm, Michael J. Klein 16 Carbohydrates 205 Prashant Nadkarni, Ruth S. Weinstock 17 Lipids and Dyslipoproteinemia 221 Xueying Chen, Liye Zhou, M. Mahmood Hussain 188 28 Basic Examination of Urine 442 Roger S. Riley, Richard A. McPherson 29 Cerebrospinal, Synovial, Serous Body Fluids, and Alternative Specimens 481 Donald S. Karcher, Richard A. McPherson PART 4 EDITED BY Hematology and Transfusion Medicine Robert E. Hutchison, Richard A. McPherson, Martin H. Bluth 30 Basic Examination of Blood and Bone Marrow 510 Neerja Vajpayee, Susan S. Graham, Sylva Bem 31 Hematopoiesis 540 Sharad C. Mathur, Robert E. Hutchison, Golam Mohi 32 Erythrocytic Disorders 559 M. Tarek Elghetany, Katherine I. Schexneider, Katalin Banki v 33 Leukocytic Disorders 606 Robert E. Hutchison, Katherine I. Schexneider 50 The Major Histocompatibility Complex and Disease 973 Attila Kumánovics, Julio C. Delgado 34 The Flow Cytometric Evaluation of Hematopoietic Neoplasia 659 Brent L. Wood, Sindhu Cherian, Michael J. Borowitz 35 Immunohematology 680 Laura Cooling, Theresa Downs 36 Transfusion Medicine 735 Matthew Elkins, Robertson Davenport, Paul D. Mintz 37 Hemapheresis 751 Emily Rupp Patterson, Jeffrey L. Winters 38 Tissue Banking and Progenitor Cells 783 Nicholas J. Greco, Matthew Elkins 51 Immunodeficiency Disorders 983 Patrick Michael Long, Kimberly W. Sanford, Martin H. Bluth 52 Clinical and Laboratory Evaluation of Systemic Rheumatic Diseases 993 Carlos Alberto von Mühlen, Marvin J. Fritzler, Edward K. L. Chan 53 Vasculitis 1016 J. Charles Jennette, Eric T. Weimer, Jason Kidd 54 Organ-Specific Autoimmune Diseases 1032 William E. Winter, Neil S. Harris, Kimberly L. Merkel, Amy L. Collinsworth, William L. Clapp 55 Allergic Diseases 1057 Henry A. Homburger, Robert G. Hamilton PART 5 EDITED BY Hemostasis and Thrombosis A. Koneti Rao, Matthew R. Pincus PART 7 EDITED BY 39 Coagulation and Fibrinolysis 794 Mariasanta Napolitano, Alvin H. Schmaier, Craig M. Kessler 40 Platelet Disorders and von Willebrand Disease 812 Jonathan L. Miller, A. Koneti Rao 41 Laboratory Approach to Thrombotic Risk 834 John V. Mitsios, Jacob H. Rand 42 Antithrombotic Therapy 842 Thomas L. Ortel Medical Microbiology Gail L. Woods, Richard A. McPherson 56 Viral Infections 1072 Lech J. Mazur, Michael Costello 57 Chlamydial, Rickettsial, and Mycoplasmal Infections 1099 Juan P. Olano, David H. Walker, Gail L. Woods 58 Medical Bacteriology 1114 Geraldine S. Hall, Gail L. Woods 59 In Vitro Testing of Antimicrobial Agents 1153 Angella Charnot-Katsikas, Kathleen G. Beavis PART 6 EDITED BY Immunology and Immunopathology H. Davis Massey, Richard A. McPherson 43 Overview of the Immune System and Immunologic Disorders 856 Richard A. McPherson, H. Davis Massey 44 Immunoassays and Immunochemistry 862 60 Spirochete Infections 1171 P. Rocco LaSala, Michael Loeffelholz 61 Mycobacteria 1187 Gail L. Woods 62 Mycotic Diseases 1198 Peter C. Iwen 63 Medical Parasitology 1231 Katsumi Aoyagi, Yoshihiro Ashihara, Yasushi Kasahara Thomas Richard Fritsche, Bobbi S. Pritt 45 Laboratory Evaluation of the Cellular Immune System 890 64 Specimen Collection and Handling for Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases 1284 Roger S. Riley Kathleen G. Beavis, Angella Charnot-Katsikas 46 Laboratory Evaluation of Immunoglobulin Function and Humoral Immunity 913 Richard A. McPherson, Roger S. Riley, H. Davis Massey 47 Mediators of Inflammation: Complement, Cytokines, and Adhesion Molecules 929 H. Davis Massey, Richard A. McPherson, Sally A. Huber, Nancy S. Jenny 48 Mediators of Inflammation: Cytokines and Adhesion Molecules 944 Nancy S. Jenny, Sally A. Huber, Michael R. Lewis 49 Human Leukocyte Antigen: The Major Histocompatibility Complex of Man 955 Omar Roberto Fagoaga vi PART 8 EDITED BY Molecular Pathology Martin H. Bluth, Elizabeth R. Unger, Matthew R. Pincus 65 Introduction to Molecular Pathology 1300 Elizabeth R. Unger, Martin H. Bluth, Matthew R. Pincus 66 Molecular Diagnostics: Basic Principles and Techniques 1303 Martin Steinau, Margaret Piper, Elizabeth R. Unger 67 Polymerase Chain Reaction and Other Nucleic Acid Amplification Technology 1316 Frederick S. Nolte, Julie Woolworth Hirschhorn, Charles E. Hill 68 Hybridization Array Technologies 1328 Martin H. Bluth CONTENTS 69 Applications of Cytogenetics in Modern Pathology 1337 Constance K. Stein 70 Establishing a Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory 1360 Michael Weindel, Martin H. Bluth 71 Molecular Diagnosis of Genetic Diseases 1377 75 Oncoproteins and Early Tumor Detection 1450 Matthew R. Pincus, Paul W. Brandt-Rauf, Martin H. Bluth, Elizabeth Gleeson, Mohammad F. Shaikh, Wilbur B. Bowne, Charles LaDoulis 76 Molecular Diagnosis of Hematopoietic Neoplasms 1465 Ali Gabali, Martin H. Bluth Wayne W. Grody 77 Molecular Genetic Pathology of Solid Tumors 1492 72 Identity Analysis: Use of DNA Analysis in Parentage, Forensic, and Missing Persons Testing 1396 Shilpa Jain, David Y. Zhang, Ruliang Xu, Matthew R. Pincus, Peng Lee Rhonda K. Roby 78 High-Throughput Genomic and Proteomic Technologies in the Postgenomic Era 1520 73 Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine Jing Li, Martin H. Bluth PART 9 EDITED BY Molecular Pathology 1407 Martin H. Bluth Index 1535 Matthew R. Pincus, Martin H. Bluth, Richard A. McPherson, Wilbur B. Bowne 74 Diagnosis and Management of Cancer Using Serologic and Other Body Fluid Markers 1432 Shilpa Jain, Matthew R. Pincus, Martin H. Bluth, Richard A. McPherson, Wilbur B. Bowne, Peng Lee vii CONTENTS CONTRIBUTORS Naif Z. Abraham Jr., MD, PhD Director, Division of Clinical Pathology Assistant Professor of Pathology State University of New York Upstate Medical University Syracuse, New York Katsumi Aoyagi, PhD General Manager New Product Development and Product Lifecycle Management Department Fujirebio Inc. Tokyo, Japan Yoshihiro Ashihara, PhD Senior Managing Director Board Member Fujirebio Inc. Tokyo, Japan Katalin Banki, MD Associate Professor Department of Pathology State University of New York Upstate Medical University Syracuse, New York Paul W. Brandt-Rauf, MD, ScD, DrPH Dean School of Public Health University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, Illinois Gary Briefel, MD Clinical Associate Professor of Medicine State University of New York Downstate Medical Center Brooklyn, New York Donghong Cai, MD Clinical Assistant Instructor, Department of Pathology State University of New York Health Sciences Center at Brooklyn Brooklyn, New York Timothy E. Caragher, PhD Assistant Professor, Pathology and Clinical Laboratory Sciences Rush University Medical Center Chicago, Illinois Robert P. Carty, PhD Associate Professor, Department of Biochemistry State University of New York Downstate Medical Center Brooklyn, New York Kathleen G. Beavis, MD Interim Director of Laboratories Director, Microbiology and Immunology Laboratories Department of Pathology University of Chicago Medicine Chicago, Illinois Edward K. L. Chan, PhD University of Florida Research Foundation Professor Professor of Oral Biology Professor of Anatomy and Cell Biology University of Florida Gainesville, Florida Sylva Bem, MD Assistant Professor of Pathology Upstate University Hospital State University of New York Syracuse, New York Angella Charnot-Katsikas, MD Assistant Professor, Department of Pathology Assistant Director, Clinical Microbiology and Immunology Labs University of Chicago Chicago, Illinois Martin H. Bluth, MD, PhD Professor, Department of Pathology Wayne State University School of Medicine Associate Director, Transfusion Service Detroit Medical Center Detroit, Michigan Xueying Chen, MD, PhD Visiting Scholar, Department of Cell Biology State University of New York Downstate Medical Center Brooklyn, New York Attending Physician, Department of Cardiology Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University Shanghai, China Jay L. Bock, MD, PhD Professor and Vice Chair for Clinical Pathology Director of Laboratories Department of Pathology Stony Brook Medicine Stony Brook, New York Michael J. Borowitz, MD, PhD Professor of Pathology and Oncology Executive Deputy Director, Department of Pathology Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions Baltimore, Maryland Wilbur B. Bowne, MD Associate Professor of Surgery Associate Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department of Surgery Drexel University College of Medicine Philadelphia, Pennsylvania viii Sindu Cherian, MD Associate Professor, Laboratory Medicine University of Washington, Seattle, Washington William L. Clapp, MD Professor of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine University of Florida College of Medicine Gainesville, Florida Amy L. Collinsworth, MD Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine University of Florida Gainesville, Florida
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