Hemispherical Photography in Forest Science: Theory, Methods, Applications PDF
Preview Hemispherical Photography in Forest Science: Theory, Methods, Applications
Managing Forest Ecosystems Richard A. Fournier Ronald J. Hall Editors Hemispherical Photography in Forest Science: Theory, Methods, Applications Managing Forest Ecosystems Volume 28 Series editors Klaus von Gadow, Göttingen, Germany Timo Pukkala, Joensuu, Finland Margarida Tomé, Lisbon, Portugal Well-managedforestsandwoodlandsarearenewableresource,producingessential raw material with minimum waste and energy use. Rich in habitat and species diversity, forests may contribute to increased ecosystem stability. They can absorb theeffectsofunwanteddepositionandotherdisturbancesandprotectneighbouring ecosystemsbymaintainingstablenutrientandenergycyclesandbypreventingsoil degradationanderosion.Theyprovidemuch-neededrecreationandtheircontinued existence contributes to stabilizing rural communities. Forests are managed for timber production and species, habitat and process conservation. A subtle shift from multiple-use management to ecosystems management is being observed and the new ecological perspective of multi-functional forest management is based on the principles of ecosystem diversity, stability and elasticity, and the dynamic equilibrium of primary and secondary production. Making full use of new technology is one of the challenges facing forest management today. Resource information must be obtained with a limited budget. This requires better timing of resource assessment activities and improved use of multipledata sources. Soundecosystems management, like any other management activity, relies on effective forecasting and operational control. The aim of the book series Managing Forest Ecosystems is to present state-of-the-art research results relating to the practice of forest management. Contributions are solicited from prominent authors. Each reference book, monograph or proceedings volume will be focused to deal with a specific context. Typical issues of the series are: resource assessment techniques, evaluating sustainabilityforeven-agedanduneven-agedforests,multi-objective management, predicting forest development, optimizing forest management, biodiversity man- agement and monitoring, risk assessment and economic analysis. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/6247 Richard A. Fournier Ronald J. Hall (cid:129) Editors Hemispherical Photography in Forest Science: Theory, Methods, Applications 123 Editors Richard A.Fournier RonaldJ. Hall Centred’Applications et deRecherches Canadian Forest Services enTélédétection (CARTEL) NaturalResources Canada UniversitédeSherbrooke Edmonton, AB Sherbrooke,QC Canada Canada ISSN 1568-1319 ISSN 2352-3956 (electronic) ManagingForest Ecosystems ISBN978-94-024-1096-9 ISBN978-94-024-1098-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-024-1098-3 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017933547 ©SpringerScience+BusinessMediaB.V.2017 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinor for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerScience+BusinessMediaB.V. Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:VanGodewijckstraat30,3311GXDordrecht,TheNetherlands © Photograph taken by Sylvain Leblanc and Richard Fournier Taken with a Nikon D1X and a fisheye lens Nikkor 10.5mm 1:2.8 Trembling aspen stand in Abitibi, Quebec, Canada Tothosethatcanseethemagicbeyondthetechnique Richard A. Fournier To Judy Hall Kevin, Angel, Avery Amanda, Jerry Ronald J Hall Preface Hemispherical photography (HP) is a field-based, remote-sensing approach for acquiring a permanent record of observations from which the light regime and biophysical structure within a forest canopy can be characterized. It is a technique that has seen increasing use, as evidenced from the published literature, in part becauseoftheincreasingneedtogatherinformationforquantifyingandmonitoring the status, health, composition, and structure offorested ecosystems as well as the light regime in forest stands. It has been difficult for prospective users to gather information about the theoretical concepts and about how HP can be acquired and processed, because this information has been fragmented and dispersed across a variety of publication media. To date, a single, definitive reference source has not beenavailable.Asaresult,abookisneededthatdescribesthetheory,methods,and applications of HP for acquiring forest biophysical measurements. The purpose of the present volume is to address the information void that exists in this field. HP is applicable to many fields in forestry, including ecology (e.g., light, moistureandnutrientdistribution,plantdiversity,seedlingregeneration),inventory (e.g., growth and yield, stand dynamics), hydrology (e.g., snowpack, precipitation applications, flooding, stream temperature), and biophysical parameter estimation (e.g.,leafareaindex,leafareaduration,openness),tonameafew.Theinformation that is extracted from hemispherical photographs provides a useful complement to informationthatisgatheredbystandardinventorymethods,andHPalsosuppliesa seriesofbiophysicalmeasurementsthatwouldotherwisebechallengingtoacquire. For example, variables such as wood volume, biomass, canopy gap distribution, sapwood area, and leaf area can be derived from hemispherical photographs. The other application of high interest is the ability to characterize the solar radiation regime with measures such as gap fraction and fraction of diffuse and direct radiation. Although most of the earlier work in HP was done with analog film and single-lens reflex cameras, the advent of digital photography has made it easier to acquire photographs, a development that has been accompanied by new digital camera systems and data acquisition opportunities. The availability of software programs that can readily process large numbers of individual photographs has ix x Preface further amplified the adoption of digital technology. These advances have driven increasingdemandsforknowledgeaboutthetheoryandequipmentofHPandabout themethodsforacquiring,processing,andanalysis.Thisbookhasbeendesignedto meet these information needs by compiling information from established researchers into a single source that will be of value to a broad range of users, including academics, senior undergraduate and graduate students, natural resource professionals, and researchers. This book presents practical information about three domains of HP: (1) theory and concepts; (2) equipment and methods for field data acquisition and image processing; and (3) applications. The first section of the book is an introduction to HPandthefundamentalelementsofforeststructureandlightinteractionswithinthe forest canopy. The second section provides practical information about the equip- ment and procedures for procuring and processing the photographs. Example applications using HP in forestry and natural resource assessment are described in the third section. The book concludes with a discussion about modeling tools and future directions for this rapidly growing field. It has taken several years to bring this book from its inception to completion, a periodfarlongerthaninitiallyanticipated.Wehavegreatlyappreciatedthepatience and persistence of the international group of contributors and reviewers. It was particularly challenging to design a structure for the book that would be of most value toourtarget readers andtoorganize thetopicswithinthat structure.It isour hopethatwehaveproducedavolumethatwillmeettheinformationneedsofthose who are interested in using HP in forested environments. Sherbrooke, Canada Richard A. Fournier Edmonton, Canada Ronald J. Hall Contents 1 Introduction... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 1 Ronald J. Hall, Richard A. Fournier and Paul Rich 2 Solar Radiation in Forests: Theory for Hemispherical Photography .. .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 15 Patrick Schleppi and Alain Paquette 3 Measurement of Forest Structure with Hemispherical Photography .. .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 53 Sylvain G. Leblanc and Richard A. Fournier 4 Acquiring Hemispherical Photographs in Forest Environments: From Planning to Archiving Photographs.... .... .... ..... .... 85 Richard A. Fournier, Daniel Mailly, Jean-Michel N. Walter and Inge G.C. Jonckheere 5 Image Analysis of Hemispherical Photographs, Algorithms and Calculations .. .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 115 Inge G.C. Jonckheere, Craig Macfarlane and Jean-Michel N. Walter 6 View Angle-Dependent Clumping Indices for Indirect LAI Estimation... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 153 Gordon W. Frazer, Richard A. Fournier, Sylvain G. Leblanc and Jean-Michel N. Walter 7 Comparison of Software Tools for Analysis of Hemispherical Photographs . .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 187 Ronald J. Hall, Jean-François Côté, Daniel Mailly and Richard A. Fournier 8 Hemispherical Photography in Support of Forest Inventory and Silviculture.... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 227 Daniel Mailly xi
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