Heavy Metals in Soils: Trace Metals and Metalloids in Soils and their Bioavailability PDF
Preview Heavy Metals in Soils: Trace Metals and Metalloids in Soils and their Bioavailability
Heavy Metals in Soils ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION VOLUME 22 Editors BrainJ.Alloway,SoilResearchCentre,DepartmentofGeographyandEnvironmental Science, School of Human and Environmental Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, UK Jack T. Trevors, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada Editorial Board I. Colbeck, Interdisciplinary Centre for Environment and Society, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, U.K. R.L. Crawford, Food Research Center (FRC) 204, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, U.S.A. W. Salomons, GKSS Research Center, Geesthacht, Germany Forfurther volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/5929 Brian J. Alloway Editor Heavy Metals in Soils Trace Metals and Metalloids in Soils and their Bioavailability Third Edition Editor BrianJ.Alloway SoilResearchCentre DepartmentofGeography andEnvironmentalScience SchoolofHumanandEnvironmental Sciences UniversityofReading Whiteknights,Reading,UK ISSN1566-0745 ISBN978-94-007-4469-1 ISBN978-94-007-4470-7(eBook) DOI10.1007/978-94-007-4470-7 SpringerDordrechtHeidelbergNewYorkLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2012943047 OriginallypublishedbyBlackieAcademic&Professional,animprintofChapman&Hall #Chapman&Hall,Glasgow,1990,1995 #SpringerScience+BusinessMediaDordrecht2013 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartofthe materialisconcerned,specificallythe rights oftranslation,reprinting, reuse ofillustrations,recitation, broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology nowknownorhereafterdeveloped.Exemptedfromthislegalreservationarebriefexcerptsinconnection withreviewsorscholarlyanalysisormaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurposeofbeingenteredand executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. 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Coverimage#2010JupiterImagesCorporation Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Preface Anunderstandingoftheoccurrenceandavailabilityofheavymetalsandmetalloids insoilsisofmajorimportancetoenvironmentalhealth,cropandlivestockproduc- tion,foodandwaterqualityandecotoxicology.Theconcentrationsofheavymetal (loid)sinsoilscanvarywidely,eveninuncontaminatedsoils.Markeddifferences in the geochemical composition of the rocks which form the parent materials of soils and variations in the intensity of soil-forming processes can result in wide rangesoftotalandavailableconcentrationsofmostelementsinsoils,eveninthose unaffectedbycontamination.Nevertheless,contaminationfrommanysourcescan often give rise to some very high concentrations of heavy metal(loid)s which can cause toxicity in soil organisms and susceptible plants, but this depends on the factorsaffectingthebioavailabilityoftheelements. Thisbookcoversthegeneralprinciplesoftheoccurrence,soilchemicalbehaviour and soil-plant-animal aspects of heavy metal(loid)s and more detailed coverage of 21individualelements,including:antimony,arsenic,barium,cadmium,chromium, cobalt, copper, gold, lead, manganese, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, silver,thallium,tin,tungsten,uranium,vanadiumandzinc. This is the third edition of this book which was previously published in 1990 and 1995 and it has involved a complete re-write with mainly new authors and severalnewchapters.Thestructureofthebookislargelythesameasinthefirsttwo editions with Part I covering ‘Basic Principles’ and Part II covering ‘Key Heavy MetalsandMetalloids’.However,thescopeofPartIhasbeenbroadenedwiththe addition of four new chapters dealing with toxicity in soil organisms (Chap. 5), soil-plant relationships (Chap. 6), heavy metal(loid)s as micronutrients for plants and/or animals (Chap. 7) and the modelling of Critical Loads of heavy metals for riskassessmentsandenvironmentallegislation(Chap.8).Asinthepreviouseditions, Part II covers arsenic, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, selenium and zinc. However, a new Part III has been created to give expanded coverage on ten ‘Other Heavy Metals and Metalloids of Potential Environmental Significance’whichincludeantimony,barium,gold,molybdenum,silver,thallium, tin,tungsten,uraniumandvanadium(withbariumandtungstenbeingnewadditions). v vi Preface As with the previous editions, this book will be of great value to advanced undergraduate and postgraduate students, research scientists and professionals in environmentalscience,soilscience,geochemistry,agronomy,environmentalhealth andspecialistsresponsibleforthemanagementandclean-upofcontaminatedland. January,2012UniversityofReading,UK BrianJ.Alloway(Editor) Contents PartI BasicPrinciples 1 Introduction.............................................................. 3 BrianJ.Alloway 2 SourcesofHeavyMetalsandMetalloidsinSoils..................... 11 BrianJ.Alloway 3 ChemistryofHeavyMetalsandMetalloidsinSoils.................. 51 ScottD.Young 4 MethodsfortheDeterminationofHeavyMetals andMetalloidsinSoils.................................................. 97 ChristineM.Davidson 5 EffectsofHeavyMetalsandMetalloidsonSoilOrganisms......... 141 MarkE.Hodson 6 Soil-PlantRelationshipsofHeavyMetalsandMetalloids ........... 161 AnnCuypers,TonyRemans,NeleWeyens,JanColpaert, AndonVassilev,andJacoVangronsveld 7 HeavyMetalsandMetalloidsasMicronutrientsforPlants andAnimals.............................................................. 195 BrianJ.Alloway 8 CriticalLoadsofHeavyMetalsforSoils.............................. 211 WimdeVries,JanEngelbertGroenenberg,SteveLofts,EdTipping, andMaximilianPosch vii viii Contents PartII KeyHeavyMetalsandMetalloids 9 Arsenic...................................................................... 241 WalterW.Wenzel 10 Cadmium................................................................. 283 ErikSmoldersandJelleMertens 11 ChromiumandNickel................................................... 313 CristinaGonnelliandGiancarloRenella 12 CobaltandManganese.................................................. 335 NicholasC.Uren 13 Copper.................................................................... 367 KoenOorts 14 Lead......................................................................... 395 EilivSteinnes 15 Mercury.................................................................. 411 EilivSteinnes 16 Selenium.................................................................. 429 OlavAlbertChristophersen,GrahamLyons,AnnaHaug, andEilivSteinnes 17 Zinc....................................................................... 465 JelleMertensandErikSmolders PartIII OtherHeavyMetalsandMetalloidsofPotential EnvironmentalSignificance 18 Antimony................................................................. 497 RafaelClemente 19 Barium...................................................................... 507 PaulaMadejo´n 20 Gold....................................................................... 515 RafaelClemente 21 Molybdenum............................................................. 527 BrianJ.Alloway 22 Silver...................................................................... 535 RafaelClemente 23 Thallium.................................................................. 543 PaulaMadejo´n Contents ix 24 Tin........................................................................ 551 BrianJ.Alloway 25 Tungsten.................................................................. 559 RafaelClementeandNicholasW.Lepp 26 Uranium.................................................................. 565 BrianJ.Alloway 27 Vanadium................................................................ 579 PaulaMadejo´n GlossaryofSpecializedTerms .............................................. 589 Index........................................................................... 597
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